• connecting wireless headphone to a phone
• Using a wireless mouse, keyboard etc
•  

• compact disks
• DVDs
• Blue Ray

• A denial of service strategy usually works flooding the target host or network with traffic until the target can’t respond or crashes. The targeted systems operations are affected when users are unable to access information systems and or network services

• A collection of related webpages under the same domain name

• Data enters at one end (of a stack)
• Leaves at the same end
• Hence 'last in, first out'

• reduced labour costs/do not need paying
• reduced cost of goods
• improve speed of production/productivity
• high degree of accuracy/precision/less errors
• can operate where humans can not go
• do not take breaks/holidays/get tired
• work 24 hrs a day
• reduce accidents at traffic lights
• improve traffic flow
• can work in dangerous conditions

State the functions of the following protocols

POP -Stands for post office protocol

• used to download emails from email servers

SMTP- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

• used to send emails to email servers and transfer emails between servers

FTP - Stands for the file transfer protoc

• Bus topology is characterised by common transmission media shared by all the connected nodes
• Star topology is characterised by a central switching node connected directly to each of the multiple nodes in the network

Advantages of Star topology over Bus topology

• Faster communication as compared to bus topology
• Independent line of connection allows freedom of removing or adding nodes

Disadvantages of Star topology over Bus topology

• Expensive as compared to the bus topology
• Long cable length

• Real-time processing is where data is processed as it is received and the output is made available immediately to influence the ongoing activity
• Interactive processing is computer processing in which the user can modify the operations appropriately while observing results at critical steps

• Is where People are manipulated to divulge confidential information

• memory used up/slows down computer/alters setting/systems failure
• erases files/erases data/corrupts data/data needs restoring
• infects other computers on the network
• production loss/financial loss

• Easy to add nodes
• Managed centrally
• Fewer data collisions
• A single node failure does not affect the rest of the network

• a repeater is a two-port device that amplifies a signal from one port to another
• a switch is a multiport device that uses a table of addresses to send a signal through the correct port

(a) Cookies

• Information that a website stores about a user on their hard disk; this enables
  the website to remember details about the user when they next visit the website.

(b) Spyware

• Program installed on a PC to gather information about the user. It monitors
  every key press and relays the information back to the home base

(c) Phishing

• Sending an email that claims to be from a legitimate company; the recipient is then directed to a bogus website where their personal details will be collected

(d)Spam

• Junk/ (unsolicited) electronic mail advertising products and services sent to a general mailing list.

(e) Pharming

• Malicious code installed on a PC or on a server. This code directs users to a
  a fraudulent website without their knowledge.

• Processor

• to enable logon information to be kept on his computer
• to provide pages customised for Ahmed the next time he logs on
• to implement shopping carts and one-click purchasing
• to be able to distinguish between new and repeat visitors to the website

• Sequential
• Random
• Serial
• Indexed-sequential

• Network
• Commercial
• Enterprise
• Proprietary

Uploading a file  refers to the process of transferring a file from a local computer to a remote webserver while downloading a file refers to the process of transferring or copying a file from a remote webserver to a local machine

Virus / trojan / worm / malware

• Piece of software/code/a program that replicates itself  or causes damage e.g. editing/deleting files

Prevention

• Running anti-virus/anti-malware software 
• don’t download from unknown sources
• don’t click on unknown links

Spyware / malware / keylogger

• Piece of software/code/a program that records actions/key presses and sends this data to a third party analysis

Prevention

•  Running anti-spyware/anti-malware software/firewall

Data interception / passive

• Data is sent to another device and is intercepted by a third party

Prevention

• Encryption

Phishing

• An e-mail has a link that when clicked directs the user to a fake website that collects personal data

Prevention

• Network policy // firewall

Pharming

• A piece of code installed that redirects user to fake website that collects personal data

Prevention

• Anti-malware or firewall

Hacker

• Person attempting to gain unauthorised access to the network/computers/ data/files 
• unauthorised access and then deleting/editing data/files

Prevention

• Firewall
• strong password 
• biometrics
• penetration testing