• To provide access to the Internet

• Commandline/ Character interface Operating systems
•  Menu Driven Operating Systems
•  Graphical User Interface Operating Systems

Utility Software

• Continual decrease in computer size
• Improved speed and power of processing
• Decrease in computer physical size and its related facilities cost

• Making prosthetic limbs for patients
• Making items which allow precise reconstructive surgery
• Making light-weight plane wings
• Making sculptures

• Guided media uses cables to connect to computers whereas unguided media uses waves.

Direct changeover – new system replaces existing system immediately/overnight

 Parallel running – new system runs alongside/together with existing system

Parallel running – there is always the old system to fall back on in the event of the new system failing/information is not lost/always a second copy

Direct changeover – if things go wrong lose all data/old system is not available

Direct changeover – training is more difficult to organise

Parallel running – training can be gradual Parallel running is more expensive to implement than direct changeover....

Direct changeover is a quicker method of implementation than parallel running

Direct Changeover: The old system is stopped completely, and the new system is started. All of the data that used to be input into the old system, now goes into the new one.

 Parallel Running: The new system is started, but the old system is kept running in parallel (side-by-side) for a while. All of the data that is input into the old system, is also input into the new one. Eventually, the old system will be stopped, but only when the new system has been proven to work.

• Authenticity
• Users' needs
• Availability of documentation
• Cost
• Compatibility
• Upgradability
• Portability

• Used to resize the image
• Used to rotate the image
• Used to move the image

• Single-mode fibre consists of a narrow core in which all light pulses travel at the same speed and arrive roughly at the same time at the destination.
• Supports higher bandwidth with less signal loss over a greater distance
• Multi-mode Multi-mode fibre consists of a larger core in which multiple light pulses can travel down the core.
• Supports a smaller bandwidth and signals attenuate at a shorter distance than single mode fibre.

(a) Cookies

• Information that a website stores about a user on their hard disk; this enables
  the website to remember details about the user when they next visit the website.

(b) Spyware

• Program installed on a PC to gather information about the user. It monitors
  every key press and relays the information back to the home base

(c) Phishing

• Sending an email that claims to be from a legitimate company; the recipient is then directed to a bogus website where their personal details will be collected

(d)Spam

• Junk/ (unsolicited) electronic mail advertising products and services sent to a general mailing list.

(e) Pharming

• Malicious code installed on a PC or on a server. This code directs users to a
  a fraudulent website without their knowledge.

• Firmware is a software program permanently etched into a hardware device such as a keyboards, hard drive, BIOS, or video cards.
• Device drivers are operating system-specific and hardware-dependent. A device driver acts as a translator between the hardware device and the programs or operating systems that use it. 
• Firmware is a software that controls a system, and firmware's functionality ranges from performing basic tasks like minimal I/O controls to full-fledged software system running with simple or no OS, with scheduler, memory management, etc. 
• A driver, on the other hand, is usually part of the operating system that performs the specific task of controlling a hardware component like a display or USB controller, etc., and gives an interface to use the hardware by Operating system and applications.

• Recommendation on whether to continue or abandon the project
• Methods used to collect data
• benefits and limitations expected
• the technology required to develop and maintain the project
• Installation and running cost
• Time limit

• camera film speed, position (end of film), distance, light
• washing machine amount of water, speed of wash/temperature/time
• fridge temperature, display panel
• air conditioning temperature, timing, display pane

• The user can access the source code  so, they can tailor the software to their needs and they can fix any bugs in it
• the source code could be studied for educational purposes
• The user can redistribute the software/program  but this must be done under the same terms as the original software

• TV remote control communication;
• DVD remote communication
• Communication between peripheral devices and the computer
• Data link over a short distance using mobile phones Radio remote control
• Remote locking/opening doors/ devices

• Sequential processing occurs in the order that the tasks are received while distributed processing where more than one computer or CPU is used to run specific programs.

ROM stores BIOS / bootstrap / start-up 

RAM stores currently executing programs and data

• Processor

• not able to directly manipulate the hardware
• may need to wait for translation before running
• the program may be less efficient.