KCSE 2024 Geography Paper 2 Marking Scheme

1. (a) Give two economic factors that influence agriculture.

- Operational costs. (cost of production cost of labour)

- Marketing expenses.

- Price fluctuation.

- Trade policies / Government policy / Tax

- Level of technology

- Cost of land

- Transport / communication network

(b) State three ways in which wheat farming is of importance to the economy of Kenya.

- It has led to the development of related industries.

- It has led to the development of transport networks.

- It is locally consumed thus saving foreign exchange.

- It is a source of income to wheat farmer.

- It has created employment.

- It is a source of government revenue.

2. (a) Apart from wildlife, give two inland tourist attractions in Kenya.

- Beautiful scenery / landscape / escarpment / Rift valley / Gorges / Lakes / Rivers / Beaches

- Varied cultures / Cultural activities / Traditional dances / Traditional crafts

- Historical / Pre historic sites / Thimlich Ohinga / Kitum Cave / Olorgesailie / Hyrax hills

- Warm sunny climate.

- Sporting activities / Safari rally / Mountain climbing / Sport fishing / Marathon / Soccer

- Museums / Conferences

- Trade fairs / Agricultural shows

(b) State three ways in which human activities promote the distribution of wildlife.

- Setting aside areas for preservation of wildlife (parks / orphanages)

- Protection of endangered species.

- Enacting laws that prohibit exploitation / illegal hunting of wildlife.

- Re-afforestation / planting of trees.

- Introduction of new species / relocation.

- Treating sick animals.

- Bush fires destroy wildlife habitat.

- Pollution (untreated industrial / domestic / agricultural waste) kill wildlife.

3. (a) Give two uses of natural gas.

- It is used as raw material in the chemical industry.

- It is used to generate power.

- It is used as domestic fuel (lighting / heating / cooling)

- Air conditioning

- Making plastics

- Used in transport

(b) Describe how coal is formed.

- Plant matter / vegetative matter are buried / compressed into layers.

- Deposition of sand and mud over the layers prevent decomposition.

- Layers are subjected to heat and pressure to form Peat.

- Peat layers gradually change to coal at different stages.

4. (a) What is a tertiary industry?

It is an industry that provides services / facilities for use by other industries / consumers.

(b) Give three reasons why some industries are located near sources of water.

- Water is used for cooling machines.

- Water is used for grading some products.

- Water is needed for cleaning.

- Water provides cheap means of transport.

- Some industries require water as a medium through which wastes are disposed.

- Some are located near rivers which provide hydroelectric power.

- Water is used as a raw material in some industries.

- Water is used for cleaning logs.

5. (a) Apart from fertility, give two other factors that influence population growth in Kenya.

- Migration.

- Mortality / Death

(b)(i) Describe commercial cultivation of oil palm in Nigeria from planting to harvesting.

- The land is cleared and ploughed.

- Seedlings are propagated in the nurseries. The seedlings are sprayed to protect them from pests and diseases. Seedlings are planted in the ploughed fields.

- Cover crops are usually planted between trees.

- Weeding and control of pests is done to take care of the plants.

- Manure/fertilizer are added. Pruning is done.

- Harvesting is done three years after planting.

- The process of harvesting is done by cutting ripe fruits using curved knives.

- Cutting is done throughout the year.

- The cut fruits are carried in baskets and transported to the processing factory.

NB: Sequence must be followed.

6. The table below shows quantities of principal domestic mineral exports in (000 tonnes) in Kenya from 2017 to 2021. Use it to answer questions a (i) (ii) and b.

a(i) What is the difference in soda ash exports between year 2017 and 2021

343000 - 303000 = 40000 (000 tonnes)

NB (Calculations must be shown)

(ii) Calculate the average export for cement in year 2019 and 2020

62000 + 120000 = 182,000

NB (Calculations must be shown)

\[ \frac{182000}{2} = 91,000 (000 tonnes)\]

(b) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 100,000 (000) tonnes, draw a multiple bar graph to represent the mineral exports from year 2018 to 2021.

A MULTIPLE BAR GRAPH PRESENTING PRINCIPAL DOMESTIC MINERAL EXPORTS IN (000 TONNES) IN KENYA FROM 2018 TO 2021

What is balance of trade?

- This is the difference in value between a country's visible exports and imports.

Explain four ways through which the government of Kenya is promoting export trade.

- The government is encouraging foreign investors to establish industries in the country for production of export goods.

- It is encouraging production of high quality goods that meet the international market standards.

- Encouraging diversification of export products so as to widen the market base.

- It is exploring new markets in the far east countries to avoid overreliance on traditional overseas markets, to fetch better prices / income.

- It is increasing invisible export trade (shipping | insurance | banking | intellectual property | consultancy) to increase foreign exchange.

- It has established Export Processing Zones (EPZ) and Special Economic Zones (SEZ) where textile industries produce goods for export market.

- Kenya through Export Promotion Council, holds trade exhibitions in Kenya and partner countries to create awareness on our possible partners/goods increase export trade.

- It is improving international routes/roads/air transport to enhance efficiency of traders.

- It is improving security to ensure safety of goods/traders.

- It is signing trade agreements with other countries to widen market for export goods (fellowship)

(d) State five challenges facing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).

- Political/ideological differences among some leaders limits operations.

- Production of similar goods by member states.

- Poor transport and communication network between member states.

- Different levels of industrialization of member states.

- Civil wars / insecurity in some member states.

- Failure to pay annual subscription by some member states.

- Exports are dominated by primary commodities.

- Few products for trade as much of the goods are consumed locally / within the country.

7. (a) Define the term forest. Name three species of indigenous hardwood trees in Kenya.

- Forest is a continuous and extensive growth of trees covering an extensive track of land.

- Meru Oak

- Ebony

- Nandi flame

- Mvule

- Acacia

- East Africa olive/Elgon Olive

- Camphor

- Mukay

- Croton

- Elgon Teak

- Muhugu

- Mahogany

- Mangrove

- Chest nut

7 b) Explain four ways used by the government of Kenya to control human

encroachment on natural forests.

- Fencing off forested areas / Maintain buffer zones to keep away intruders ✓

- Employing forest guards to patrol forest reserves / ensure illegal activities

are reported ✓

- Gazettment of forested areas / reserves to limit access by the public / keep ✓

settlement / farming

- Eviction / relocation of people who encroach forested areas / create title ✓

to the forest

- Fencing off → Keep away intruders

- Forest guards → To patrol forest

- Gazettement → Limit access

- Eviction / Relocation → To rehabilitate

- Enforcing law → Prohibiting cutting of trees

- Creating awareness → To gain people's support

- Alternative source of energy → Reduce demand of forest products

- Community participation → To win their support

- Encourage agroforestry → Reduce overdependence of natural forest products

- Enacting / Enforcing laws prohibiting the cutting of trees in the forest /

illegal logging / Land grabbing / illegal farming / face stiff penalties / Imprisonment

- Creating awareness / educating the public on the importance of conserving

to gain their support ✓

- Encouraging people to use alternative sources of energy / to reduce the

wood fuel / forest resources

- Using community participatory management / local communities are involved in

forest management practices / activities to win their support ✓

- Encouraging agroforestry to reduce overdependence on natural forest resources ✓

(i) Explain three factors that favour growth of natural forests in Kenya.

- The windward side of the mountain slopes are wetter hence dense forest.

- High rainfall throughout the year which favour growth of trees.

- Moderate to cool temperatures which encourage growth of a variety of trees.

- Fertile/well drained soils that allow roots to penetrate into the ground hence support trees.

- Steep slopes discourage settlement / farming activities thus enabling growth of forest.

- Steep slopes discourage settlement / farming activities thus enabling growth of forest.

- Creation of forest reserves/gazetted forest areas prohibits settlement and cultivation hence encourages growth of forest.

(c) Explain four problems facing softwood forests in Canada

- During summer forests are destroyed by fires / lightening reducing the quality of wood / earnings.

- The harsh cold winters slows down the growth of trees.

- Overexploitation in some areas has created a shortage of some of the trees species which take long to mature.

- Rugged landscape in northern parts of Canada hinder smooth exploitation of the forests due to inaccessibility.

- Pests / aphids, and diseases destroy large tracks of forests reducing the area under forest cover.

8. (a) Name two main areas where oil palm is grown in Nigeria.

(i)

- Port Harcourt

- Sapele

- Calabar

- Enugu

- River State

- Cross River State

- Onitsha

- Ondo

- Edo

- Akwa Ibom

- Delta

(ii) State six conditions that favour the cultivation of oil palm in Nigeria

State six conditions that favour the cultivation of oil palm in Nigeria

- High rainfall distributed throughout the year / evenly distributed / 1000-2100 mm annually

- High temperatures throughout the year / 23°c - 30°c.

- Gentle sloping / undulating land / High rainfall / 100-200m

- Protecting from strong winds

- Availability of capital

9(i) Name three counties in the Rift valley of Kenya where commercial

beef ranching is practiced

- Laikipia ✓

- Nakuru ✓

- Transzoia ✓

- Baringo ✓

- Samburu ✓

- Kajiado✓

- Narok ✓

- Uashin Gishu ✓

(ii) Give two exotic breeds of beef cattle kept in Kenya

- Galloway ✓

- Aberdeen Angus / Red Angus

- Charolais ✓

- Hereford ✓

- Devon ✓

-Shetland ✓

- Sahiwal ✓

- Santa Getrudis ✓

(iii) Explain the measures taken by the Government of Kenya in solving

the following problems that limit beef farming.

(1) Livestock - wildlife conflict.

- Establishment of cattle ranches / fencing off wild animals designated

areas to restrict interaction between livestock and wild animals.

- Establishment of a compensation scheme where farmers are paid for

livestock killed by wild animals to take care of the losses.

(II) Poor quality animals

- Introduction of pedigree / exotic cattle that are cross bred with

indigenous breeds to improve quality of livestock.

- Introduction of veterinary services / extension officers to control

disease / give advisory services.

- Introduction of pasture that is drought resistant has improved

nourishment.

Difference between beef farming in Kenya and Argentina

- In Kenya there is limited local market due to low purchasing power

while in Argentina there is large local market because of large

financially able population.

- In Kenya there is inadequate extension services especially among the

pastoralists while in Argentina every ranch is adequately equipped with

necessary veterinary services for scientific management.

- In Kenya there is inadequate pasture due to shortage of rainfall and

poor soils while in Argentina there is plenty of pasture due to moderaterainfall and fertile soils.

- In Kenya there is inadequate capital for running the farms while in

Argentina capital is readily available to the farmers.

- In Kenya beef farming is carried out by both pastoralists and in

commercial ranches while in Argentina beef farming is carried out in

extensive ranches.

- In Kenya animals walk long distances to get to the market due to poor

transport network while in Argentina a network of road and railway

lines has been developed to link them to meat factories / coastal ports.

- In Kenya livestock farming is greatly affected by diseases while in

Argentina pests and diseases have almost been controlled.

- In Kenya beef farmers only practice beef farming while in Argentina beef farmers also grow crops/wheat

(c) You intend to carry out a field study in a beef cattle farm within your

local environment

(i) Give two methods of data recording that you would use during the

study

- Photography / Video recording ✓

- Tape recording ✓

- Filling in questionnaires ✓

- Drawing / sketching

- Taking notes

- Tabulating

- Labelling samples

(ii) State four benefits of beef farming to the local community you are

likely to find out during the study

- Source of employment ✓

- Source of protein when consumed. ✓

- Sold to earn income to the farmer. ✓

- Produce manure for organic farming. ✓

- Cattle are used to pay dowry / Prestige / Rituals ✓

- Hides are used as clothing, bedding, bags ✓

- Bones from cattle are used to make fertilizers. ✓

- Horns and hoofs are used to make glue. / Musical instruments / ornaments ✓

- Oxen are used for sporting activities. ✓

- Improvement of transport network ✓

- Source of government revenue ✓

- Biomass is used to produce biogas ✓

- Ploughing / transport ✓

10. (a) (i) Name two international highways that link Kenya to other countries of

Africa

- Trans - African Highway / Lages - Mombasa Highway ✓

- Great North Road / Cairo - Cape Town / Gaborone - Tshiray ✓

(ii) Explain four measures that the Government of Kenya has put in place to improve road transport

- Enforced traffic rules to regulate traffic flow / to reduce road accidents. ✓

- Controlled / set limits on amount of load carried by large lorries /trucks to reduce damages on road surfaces. ✓

- Construction of by-passes / tunnels / fly overs / under passes / the

expressway to reduce congestion on roads. / Improve connectivity ✓

- Repair / maintain roads in good state to reduce road accidents /

improve traffic flow. ✓

- Construction of dual carriage / highways to accommodate more traffic /

improve the flow. ✓

- Educate road users on road safety precaution / discipline on roads to ease traffic. ✓

- Provide paths for cyclists / pedestrians in major towns / cities to reduce

congestion on roads / improve safety.

✓ Traffic rules - regulate traffic flow / reduce accidents

✓ Limit on loads - reduce damage on roads

✓ Construction of by-passes - reduce congestion / improve connectivity

✓ Repair / maintain roads - reduce accidents / improve flow

(b) Give five reasons why there is limited use of pipeline in

transportation of petroleum in Africa

- Initial construction of a pipeline is costly. ✓

- They are prone to leakages leading to losses / environmental pollution. ✓

- They are vulnerable to attacks / sabotage. / vandalism / disconnections ✓

- They are highly inflexible / not easy to re-route. ✓

- Pipeline is restricted to the commodity it can transport / one type of

commodity. Limited use ✓

- Most countries do not have constant supply of petroleum / low

demand.

- Availability of other means of transportation / Roads / Railways

(c) State five causes of decline in the use of letter writing as a means of communication in Kenya

- Rampant loss of letters. ✓

- High postage costs. ✓

- Tampering with letters. ✓

- Competition from faster means of communication / phones ✓

- Delay in delivery of letters. ✓

- Mismanagement / corruption in postal services. ✓

(d) Outline five developments that have taken place in Kenya to improve communication of information.

- Introduction of mobile phones. ✓

- Liberalization of air waves. ✓

- Expansion of internet / e-mail services. ✓

- Liberalization of the press. ✓

- Establishment of Ministry Information Communication and

Digital Economy (MICDE) ✓

- Establishment of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) ✓

- Enactment of communication related legislations