GRADE 7 TERM 1
PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES LESSON NOTES
SAFETY
Personal safety
Observing personal safety is doing activities that will protect us from accidents or getting injured.
Potential hazards relating to personal safety
Unsafe conditions or objects that harm us or cause injuries to us are known as potential safety hazards
Examples of potential safety hazards in day to day life are
Demonstrating safety while performing various tasks in the locality
Examples of task that we can do in our locality include digging, splitting firewood, pruning plants, riding bicycles
Some of the safety measures to observe while forming the above different tasks include
Eg wear gumboots while collecting and disposing waste
Handling tools and equipments safely while performing tasks
Tool or equipment |
Safe use of the tool or equipment |
Knife |
Hold the handle firmly while using it Keep sharp edges away from your hands You can also use a chopping board when using it |
Sewing needle |
Wear a thimble Hold the thread end of the needle firmly between your fingers and push the sharp end into fabric |
Wheelbarrow |
Hold the handles and push it forward carefully. Ensure the wheel is moving freely |
Pliers |
Hold the two handles and press them together Do not touch the cutting parts while in use |
Rake |
Hold the handle and pull it towards you carefully |
Ladder |
Place it against a firm object like a wall or tree trunk and climb on its steps carefully |
General safety rules and regulations for various tasks
Careers related to safety
A career is a profession which one trains for, acquires the skills and applies them for a long period
These are people who help children or adults to cross busy roads
These are people who monitor a working environment and inspects buildings and machines.
They later recommend the safety precautions to be observed in the working environment
These are people who help children and adults to swim safely.
There also ensure that all people are following rules set by the swimming place.
Attends to those who face challenges while swimming
This person researches and makes a report on the safety of a particular work and the hazards that are expected.
They perform some roles similar to those of safety engineers
They offer advice on how to minimise health and safety risks in the workplace
Importance of safety in day to day life
INJURIES
An injury is damage to your body.
Types of injuries
Examples of common injuries include
Causes of injuries in the locality
Caused by sharp tools and equipments like knives
Can also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edges
Are caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufurias
May also be caused by chemicals and electricity
Are caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea.
May also be caused by steam from boiling foods or water
Occurs after falls or slips
May also occur when there is abnormal movement during activities or sudden change of speed during movement
First aid procedures for cuts
You will need clean water, a bandage, cotton wool and an antiseptic or salty water
First aid procedures for minor fractures
You will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of cloth
First aid procedures for burns
You will need cold water and a clean piece of cloth
First aid procedures for scalds
You will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandage
Safety measures that minimise injuries in the locality
Injury |
Way of preventing it |
Cut |
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Burns |
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Scalds |
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Minor fractures |
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Careers related to first aid and management of injuries
Importance of observing safety
Pupil’s activity
Page 21-22
MATERIALS
Any useful substance is called a material
COMMON MATERIALS
Identifying common materials in the locality
Different localities have different common materials
Examples of common materials are
Categorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallic
Pupil’s activity
Page 24-25
Metallic |
Non metallic |
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Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materials
Items made of metallic materials |
Items made of non metallic materials |
Bottle tops |
A grass broom |
A piece of iron sheet |
Floor tiles |
Coins |
An exercise tiles |
A blade of a jembe |
A school sweater |
Pins |
An eraser |
A door hinge |
A plastic plate |
A piece of wire mesh |
A drinking glass |
A key |
A cooking stick |
Physical properties of materials found in the locality
Physical property |
Metal |
Non metals |
Colour |
Can be grey, silver, reddish brown or golden |
Have a wide range of colours |
Texture |
May be rough or smooth |
May be rough or smooth |
Hardness |
Most are strong and cannot break easily |
Most are fragile and brittle |
Shape |
Can be formed into various shapes |
Can be formed into various shapes |
Fire resistance |
Most are fire resistant and cannot burn easily |
Most burn easily |
Careers related to materials in the locality
Importance of materials found in the locality
METALS
Different types of metals in the locality
Type of metal |
Description |
Copper |
Shiny reddish- brown surface May turn green if exposed to moisture |
Brass |
Yellow coloured with a slightly dull surfaces It is an alloy of copper and zinc |
Aluminium |
Has a shiny silvery surface It is very light and flexible |
Iron |
It is dull grey in colour It rusts when exposed to moisture |
Stainless steel |
It has a shiny silvery colour |
Zinc |
It is dull grey in colour It develops a light grey coat which may peel off after some time |
Gold |
It is shinny orange yellow in colour |
Physical properties of metals
Ferrous and non ferrous
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or iron
Non ferrous metal are metals that contain iron
Ferrous metals |
Non ferrous metals |
Iron |
Aluminium, copper, zinc, cobalt, tin, lead, silver, bronze, brass, mercury |
steel |
Magnetic and non magnetic
Magnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near.
Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnet
Magnetic metals |
Non magnetic metals |
Iron, tin, nickel, cobalt, chromium, tungsten, alinco |
Silver, copper, aluminium, bass, magnesium, lead, zinc, titanium |
Conductors of heat in metals
Conduction of electricity
NB
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others.
Uses of metals in the locality
METAL |
USES |
Gold |
It is used to make jewellery It is used to make valuable medals and trophies |
Silver |
It is used to make mirrors since it reflects a lot of light Used to make jewellery It is used to make utensils commonly referred to as silverware It is used to make solar panels and screens of some electronic gadgets |
Zinc |
It is used to coat surfaces of other metals to protect them from corrosion It is used to make roofing sheets. |
Lead |
Used to make car batteries Used to make paints Used to make pipes used to carry corrosive materials |
Steel |
Used to make rails and bridges Used to make rods and beams for building houses and other structures Used to make household utensils like sufurias, pans, and cutlery |
Aluminium |
Used to make kitchen utensils such as sufurias, pans and spoons Used to make foils and cans for packaging food and medicine Used to make window frames |
Copper |
Used to make electrical wires Used to make water pipes, taps and sinks |
Iron |
It is used to make utensils like pans, sufurias and house hold appliances like iron boxes It is used to make machineries and farm tools Used to make building materials like iron sheets and window frames |
Brass |
It is used to make plumbing valves, doors hinges, door knobs and door locks Used to make dental braces It is used to make gears and bearings that are found in locomotives |
Careers related to uses of metals
Career |
Description |
Mining |
Miners blast or break rocks or the ground in order to obtain metals |
Moulding |
Moulders shapes metals obtained from the ground into mould or blocks |
Metal cutting |
This career involves cutting moulds of metal into a variety of desired shapes |
Blacksmithing |
Blacksmiths make objects from iron and other metals by hitting or blending them using a hammer |
Welding |
Welders use heat to create or repair metallic products |
Metal polishing |
Metal polisher use metal smoothing equipment and machines to enhance the appearance and smoothness of surface of metals |
fabrication |
Fabricators design and make products out of metals |
Importance of metals
Non metallic materials
Are any materials both synthetic and natural which do not contain metal
Distinguishing between synthetic and natural non metallic materials
Material |
Description |
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Natural |
Synthetic |
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Natural non metallic materials include soil, timber, reeds, rubber, stones, hides and skins, plant fibres like banana fibres, sisal fibres, cotton and linen
Categorising non metallic materials in the locality as either natural or synthetic
Pupil’s activity
Page 43-44
Physical properties of non metallic materials
Physical property |
Explanation |
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Most non metallic can easily bend, break or crumble when pressure is applied on them. |
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Non metallic materials have a wide range of colours |
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Non metallic materials are poor conductors of heat |
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Non metallic materials do not conduct electricity |
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Uses of non metallic materials in the locality
Cloths re then made into different types of garments that we wear.
Sand soil is mixed with ballast, cement and water to make concrete for constructon.
Loam soil is used for farming
Clay soil is used in pottery and brick making.
Grasses are also used as roofing materials
It is also used in making laboratory equipments such as test tubes.
Careers related to processing and use of non metallic materials
Rope makers harvest sisal fibres, dry and use them to make ropes
Builders use timber, grass, clay and other materials to construct houses.
Brick makers make bricks from clay soil.
Loggers are authorised to cut trees selectively from a given area to get logs.
Saw millers cut the logs into timber or shapes them into boards.
Carpenters use timber and boards to make furniture and other useful items.
Potters make pots and other earthen items.
Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vases
Weavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reeds
Plastic straws can also be made in weaving
Crop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into it
This is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glass
Shoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plastic
Identifying common problems in the community
Pupil’s activity
Page 50-51
Effects of common Problems affecting the community
Pupil’s activity
Page 52-5
Problems faced in the community |
Causes of the problem |
Effects of the problem to the community |
Can the problem be solved |
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Skills need to solve problems in the community
Are applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructed
Are applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired items
Are applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are made
Are applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipments
Are applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired items
Are applied when joining materials to make desired items
TOOLS
HOSEHOLD HAND TOOLS
A TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work.
A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activity
Identifying household hand tools
Categorising household tools according to their use
Cutting tools |
Layout and Measuring tools |
Assembling tools |
Sharpening tools |
Holding and tightening tools |
Panga |
Tape measure |
Hammer |
File |
Pliers |
Chisel |
Ruler |
Screw driver |
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Spanner |
Paper cutter |
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Mallet |
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G-clamp |
Axe |
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Pipe wrench |
Hand saw |
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Screw diver |
Knife |
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Using household hand tools to perform different tasks
Can be use to cut grass
Care and maintenance of household hand tools
You can hang saws on a hook
Careers related to household hand tools
The role of household hand tools in the community
This helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairs
Farming hand tools
Farming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasks
Identifying farming hand tools
Categorising farming hand tools according to their uses
Cutting and clearing tools |
Digging and cultivating tools |
Harvesting tools |
Pruning tools |
Scooping and lifting tools |
Slasher |
Jembe |
Panga |
Secateurs |
Spade |
Panga |
Fork jembe |
Knife |
Pruning shears |
Garden trowel |
Axe |
Garden fork |
Sickle |
Pruning saw |
Shovel |
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Spade |
Jembe |
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Fork jembe |
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Using farming hand tools to perform different tasks
Farming hand tool |
How to use it |
Jembe |
Digging
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Grass slasher |
Clearing grass or weeds
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Panga |
Cutting grass or shrubs
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Spade |
Scooping the soil or manure
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Care and maintenance of farming hand tools
We maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long time
We can care for farming hand tools by:
Careers related to farming hand tools
This is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy.
In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughs
Gardeners use different hand tools when planting weeding
Landscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such as
Welders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand tools
Carpenters make items using board and timber.
They also replace wooden handles of farming hand tools
Sugarcane cutters use pangas and machetes to harvest sugarcanes from farms
People who erect and repair fences use tools such as pliers, jembes, shovels and hammers in their work.
Livestock farmers use pangas for chopping napier grass for their livestock
Importance of farming tools
Farming hand tool |
Importance |
Slasher |
Helps in clearing long grass and small bushes around the compound The compound remains neat and free from mosquitoes and rodents |
Pruning shear |
Helps in trimming fences, hedges and shrubs Well trimmed fences are neat and beautiful |
Plough |
Helps in cultivating land This makes it easy to sow seeds or plant cutting |
Spade |
It makes it easier to scoop soil This helps to save on time and energy |
Jembe |
It helps to dig and remove weeds from crop fields Crops that are free from weeds give healthy produce |
DRAWING
TYPES OF DRAWINGS
Drawing are types of diagrams used for communication to show the shape and structure of a given idea or product.
Technical fields use drawings to draw designs of different items before they are made
Types of drawing used in technical fields
Drawing involves making marks on a surface to create images of forms and shapes.
They give a 3D view of an object.
They give information about how an object functions or how it is constructed.
Distinguishing artistic and technical drawings
Artistic and technical drawing can be distinguished using the characteristics like
Technical drawing provide accurate information about an object to allow easy manufacturing or repair
Artistic drawing are done to express one’s idea while beautifying the appearance of an object, a surface or a place
Technical drawings are drawn on surface such as tracing paper, ammonia print or computer screens and are usually in standard sizes.
Artistic drawings can be drawn on paper, boards, walls canvas or fabric. These drawings do not have standard size
Technical drawing must be drawn to scale such that they are interpreted uniformly regardless of the geographical boundaries.
The interpretation of artistic drawings depends on the viewer
Technical drawing have to be drawn to scale for the accurate production and maintenance of the product
Artistic drawing show the general appearance of the product hence do not consider dimensions, shape or proportion
Uses of artistic and technical drawing in different fields
Uses of artistic drawings
Uses of technical drawing
Eg. An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machines
Applications of drawings in various careers
People in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings include
They use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its locality
They also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the design
They use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls.
They also use technical drawing to determine the location of doors, windows and other fixtures within the building
They also use artistic drawings to determine the neatness and finish requires after installation or repair of electrical systems
They use artistic drawings when visualising the style, colour and other suitable to use
They also use technical drawings to determine the placement of different furnishing within a room or a building
They use artistic drawings to identify how to finish an area after installation of drainage pipes and other fixtures in the buildings
They use technical drawings to identify access points to areas having blockages or repairing repairs within the drainage points of a building
They use artistic drawings to identify how different shapes, colours, images and writing will appear on a given object.
They use technical drawings to determine the size, material and shape of the product when viewed from different positions such as top, bottom and sides
Importance of drawing in day to day life
Drawing instruments and equipments
Drawing instruments and equipments used in technical drawing
Uses of drawing instruments and equipments
Drawing instrument or equipment |
USE |
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Used to make initial sketches |
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Used to eliminate mistakes made while drawing |
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Used to outline the final work |
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Help to draw repeated letters, numbers and shapes accurately |
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Used as a support surfaces to hold the paper when drawing |
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Used to make tips of pencils sharp |
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Used for measuring and marking accurate measurements |
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Drawing lines and shapes using drawing instruments
Name of the line |
Image of the line |
How the line is used in technical drawing |
Construction line |
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A faint line used for sketching and drawing the initial details of a drawing |
Centre line |
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Hidden line |
- - - - - - -- -- - ----- ---------- |
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Phantom line |
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Break line |
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Drawing line |
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Break line |
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Dimension line |
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Leader line |
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Cutting line |
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Care and maintenance of drawing instruments and equipments
Eg measuring tools should be used for measuring
NB
Drawing instruments and equipments are cared for and maintained well in order for them to work well and make neat and accurate drawings.
Uses of drawing instruments and equipments in various careers
Use different drawing instruments to design good buildings
Use drawing instruments and skills to help people plan and decorate the spaces they live in
Use drawing instruments to come up with creative ideas on how different outfits should be made.
Most of the clothes we wear were design by somebody
Fashion designers work closely with tailors
Use drawing instruments to draw designs of clothes before they are made
Draw pictures both in hard copies and in digital form
Most of the pictures in textbooks were drawn by illustrators
Draw furniture before making them
Freehand sketching
Free hand sketching is drawing without the use of measuring instruments
How to sketch lines freehand
Type of line |
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Horizontal |
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Vertical |
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Diagonal |
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Parallel |
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Perdendicular |
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Thick and thin |
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Curved |
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Zigzag |
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Wavy |
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Spiral |
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Varied |
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Dotted |
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How to sketch two dimensional shapes using freehand
GRADE 7 TERM 1
LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION LESSON NOTES
PERSONAL MANAGEMENT SKILLS
SELF AWARENESS
SELF AWARENESS means having an accurate understanding of ourselves.
That includes knowing our strengths, weakness, values, emotions and hopes and how they influence our behaviour in different circumstances.
Describing self in relation to the five dimensions of a human being
Identifying personal talents and abilities
Pupil’s activity
Page 4-7
Dealing with contemporary challenges for self improvement
Self esteem
Self esteem refers to how we feel about ourselves and our abilities
High and low self esteem
This can affect individual mental well being.
Characteristics of a person with high self esteem |
Characteristics of a person with low self esteem |
Believes in own capacities to solve problems to adjust to failures and ask for assistance |
Dwells on self criticism |
Is able to make choices, trust own judgement and not feel guilty about own choices if someone else does not agree with them |
Is easily offended when they get criticism from others |
Is not afraid of expressing own opinion in a calm, respectful manner |
Suffers from chronic indecision due to fear of making mistakes |
Is comfortable with change |
Has excessive will to please others |
Does not compare themselves to anyone |
Is hostile and irritable |
Enjoys healthy relationships |
Experiences feelings of insignificance |
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Has general negativity about life |
Having a high self esteem is important because it enables one to
Effects of low esteem include
Factors that influence self esteem
Having a self esteem is important for our mental health and well being.
Self esteem can be influenced by
One can enhance their self esteem by
Managing emotions
Emotions are personal human feelings that control our moods.
They are the driving forces behind our behaviour
Types of emotions in different situations
Emotions can be positive or negative
Managing emotions positively under different circumstances
Suppressing emotions means actively pushing uncomfortable thoughts, feelings or memories out of one’s consciousness simply because you do not know how to handle them.
Suppressing emotions can cause different health conditions like depression, high blood pressure, low energy and heart diseases
The effects of negative emotions on self and others
Negative or poorly managed emotions can lead to
Negative emotions hold us back and delay our progress
Managing stress
Stress can be defined as state of emotional tension resulting from unfortunate or demanding circumstances, some of which we do not have any control
The common sources of stress
Stress can be managed. Its effects can be positive or negative depending on how it has ben managed.
Effects of stress in day to day lives
Managing stressful situations
COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNING
A community refers to people living in the same area or people who have common interest
The following are some of the characteristics of people in a community
Community service is work performed by a group for the benefit or betterment of their community without expecting any form of compensation
Nature of the service |
Example of community services |
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We do community services because
Community service learning |(CSL) refers to a combination of classroom learning and community learning service.
Examples of CSL activities include
Nature of the CSL |
Examples of activities |
Doing things for your community |
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Teaching things to your community |
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Hosting things in your community |
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Making things for your community |
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Steps involved in carrying out CSL project
A project is a series of tasks that need to be completed to reach a specific outcome
A community services learning project can therefore be defined as a series of learning and services tasks are aimed to meet an identified need or solve an identified problem in the community
To plan and carry out a CSL activity, one must follow these steps
During this stage, listen to as many suggestions on the solutions as possible.
Narrow down to the most cost effective but efficient solution to the problem
In this stage think about the possible steps, resources, the learning skills required, shared responsibilities and the time it will take to complete the project
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP SKILLS
HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS
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