• Passive matrix create images by scanning the entire screen whereas active matrix displays are made using thin-film transistors technology(TFT)
• active matrix  display has a higher resolution compared to passive matrix
• Active matrix consume more energy than passive matrix

1. (a)State what is meant by the terms:

Parallel data transmission

• 8 bits/1 byte/multiple bits sent at a time  

1. using many/multiple/8 wires/lines

Serial data transmission

• one bit sent at a time  
• over a single wire

b) Give one benefit of each type of data transmission.

• Parallel - faster rate of data transmission

Serial

1. -more accurate/fewer errors over a longer distance
2. -less expensive wiring  
3. less chance of data being skewed/out of synchronization/order

Give one application of each type of data transmission. Each application must be different

Parallel

• sending data from a computer to a printer
•  internal data transfer (buses)

Serial

• connect computer to a modem

State what is meant by the term USB

• universal serial bus

Describe two benefits of using USB connections between a computer and a device.

• -devices are automatically detected and configured when initially attached
  • Impossible to connect device incorrectly/connector only fits one way
  • has become the industry standard
  • supports multiple data transmission speeds
  • lots of support base for USB software developers
  • supported by many operating systems
  • backward compatible
  • faster transmission compared to wireless

DVD - optical media which use one spiral track; red lasers are used to read and write data on the media surface; makes use of dual-layering technology to increase the storage capacity

ROM - non-volatile memory chip; contents of the chip cannot be altered; it is often used to store the start-up routines in a computer (e.g. the BIOS)

SSD/ Solid State Drive/memory (SSD): a non-volatile memory device that uses NAND flash memories (which consist of millions of transistors wired in series on single circuit boards)

Blue Ray -  optical media that uses blue laser technology to read and write data on the media surface; it uses a single 1.1 mm polycarbonate disc

Viruses, pharming and phishing are all examples of potential Internet security issues.
Explain what is meant by each of these three terms.

Virus

• - program/software that replicates/copies itself
• – can delete or alter files/data stored on a computer
•  – can make the computer “crash”/run slow

Pharming - malicious code/software installed on a user’s hard drive/actual webserver

 – this code redirects users to a fake website (without their knowledge)

 – to obtain personal/financial information/data

Phishing - legitimate-looking emails sent to a user – as soon as the recipient opens/clicks on the link in the email/attachment,  the user is directed to a fake website (without their knowledge) – To obtain personal/financial information/data

control bus- this bus carries signals used to coordinate the computer’s activities

address bus - this uni-directional bus carries signals relating to memory addresses between processor and memory

data bus - this bi-directional bus is used to exchange data between processor, memory and input/output devices

The seven stages in a von Neumann fetch-execute cycle

• the PC (program counter) contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched
• the address contained in the PC (program counter) is copied to the MAR (memory address register) via the address bus
• the instruction is then copied from the memory location contained in the MAR (memory address register) and is placed in the MDR (memory data register)
• the entire instruction is then copied from the MDR (memory data register) and placed in the CIR (current instruction register)
• the value in the PC (program counter) is then incremented so that it points to the next instruction to be fetched
• the address part of the instruction is placed in the MAR (memory address register)
• the instruction is finally decoded and is then executed

Modern LCD monitors and televisions use LED-backlit technology.
Give two advantages of using this new technology compared to the older cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) method

• no need to warm up
• – whiter tint/more vivid colours/brighter image
• – higher resolution
• – much thinner monitors possible/lighter weight
• – more reliable technology/longer lasting
• – uses much less power/more efficient

The data before encryption is known as .......plain.................. text.
To scramble the data, an encryption ......................key.........................., which is a type
of ...................key............................, is used.
The data after encryption is known as ....................cipher............................. text.
Encryption prevents the data from being ......................understood...................... by a hacker

Dual input of data

• Two inputs are compared by the system and any discrepancies are reported (and not stored.)
• Data input once, either printed out or checked on the screen and  errors corrected

 Rules are given to the processor

• Only accept A, B, C, D, E, F, G i.e Any other input rejected.

Drop-down list/radio buttons

• Provides only valid inputs, so no other validation is required

Incorporate language support features in their software, which allows users to select their preferred language. This can be achieved through multi-language user interfaces and providing translation capabilities. By doing so, developers address language barriers and make the software accessible to a broader audience, demonstrating a commitment to cultural inclusivity.

Gender inclusivity – use gender-neutral language in examples

Cultural/Racial inclusivity – use a variety of ethnicities in photos

Ability inclusivity – represent awareness of disability in some examples

Sexual preference inclusivity – use language that is supportive of LGBTQI+ people

System analyst

Web designers

Network administrators

Database administrators

Programmers

Computer technicians

A backup is a copy of data that can be used if the original data is lost.

• Portable
• Light
• Faster access speed
• No moving parts
• Efficient power consumption
• Durable
• Small physical size
• Large storage capacity

• They are small and fit in a small storage space
• They are portable hence can be carried when need to be used outside the office
• Low power consumption
• Have rechargeable batteries

1. Application
2. Presentation
3. Session
4. Transport
5. Network
6. Data link
7. Physical

• Better/improved traffic flow control
• reduces accidents
• keeps delays to a minimum
• reduces pollution
• cars use less fuel

(a) Buffer

• temporary storage or memory which compensates for the difference speed of peripherals and the CPU

(b)batch processing

• processing doesn’t start until all data is collected
• JCL (any reference to Job Control Language)
• no need for user interaction
• processed all in one go
• done at “quiet” times
• e.g. billing, payroll, cheque processing

(c) e-commerce

• electronic commerce
• buying and selling products/services using the internet/computer networks

(d) simulation

• studying the behaviour of a system by using a model/mathematical representation
• results can be predicted
• e.g. flight (or other) simulator, modelling hazardous chemical process

(e) Email

• sending messages from one device to another using computer networks/Internet

Uses transistors( resistors and capacitors) . It can be implemented by the use of NAND or NOR gates. Data is stored on the chip as a charge

• To detect and remove errors
• To confirm if the program produces the expected output

• it is easier / quicker to read/write/understand
• it is easier / quicker to debug
• code is portable.

• Overtype mode: deletes the current text at the cursor position and replaces the existing characters with new text
• Insert Mode: pushes the existing text away as new text is inserted between the existing text

• Refers to the delivery of multimedia content, such video or audio over the internet in real-time. It allows users to access and consume content without downloading it to their device beforehand.

• Artificial intelligence
• Parallel processing
• Natural language processing
• quantum computing

(a) One from:

• Background checks
• Access control
• Physical security
• User policies

(b) To prevent unauthorised access (1) so that data remains confidential (1) by making it unintelligible (1) because it is scrambled (1)

(a)State what is meant by the terms:

Parallel data transmission

• 8 bits/1 byte/multiple bits sent at a time  
• using many/multiple/8 wires/lines

Serial data transmission

• one bit sent at a time over a single wire