A formatting or editing operation that is applied to a block of text after selecting. The block of text can be a paragraph, line, word, page or the whole document. It is much easier to apply editing or formatting to a block of text than to apply it to every single character

• reduced labour costs/do not need paying
• reduced cost of goods
• improve speed of production/productivity
• high degree of accuracy/precision/less errors
• can operate where humans can not go
• do not take breaks/holidays/get tired
• work 24 hrs a day
• reduce accidents at traffic lights
• improve traffic flow
• can work in dangerous conditions

• It is an address to a resource on the internet

State the characteristics of each of the following network topologies (KCSE COMPUTER STUDIES 2021 )

i) Mesh Topology  (2mks)

• a host/node is connected to one or multiple hosts
• a   host/node in point to point connection with every other host or a few hosts
• hosts/nodes in mesh topology also work as relays for other hosts which do not have point-to-point links

(ii) Ring Topology (2mks)

• each host/node connects exactly to two other hosts
• data travels around the ring in one direction through all intermediate hosts
• failure of any host results in the failure of the whole ring

Advantages

• It is intuitive
• Easy to navigate
• Uses menus, pointers and icons thus easy to learn and use
• It lets the user exchange data between different software applications
• The user does not have to learn complicated commands

Disadvantages

• Takes a lot of memory
• A lot of processor power is needed
• Takes up a larger amount of hard disk space than other interfaces
• They need significantly more memory (RAM) to run than other interface types

1. Availability in the market
2. Initial and maintenance cost
3. User friendliness
4. Compatibility
5. User needs

(a) Like "*kenya*"

• Returns the records of all countries that contain the string "kenya"

(b) Like "*ina"

• Returns records for all countries/regions whose names end in "ina", such as China and Argentina.

(c) Like U*

• Returns records for all countries/regions whose names start with "U", such as UK, USA, and so on.

(d) Not Like U*

• Returns records for all countries/regions whose names start with a character other than "U".

(e) >= "Mexico"

• Returns records of all countries/regions, beginning with Mexico and continuing through the end of the alphabet.

(f) Like "[A-D]*"

• Returns records for countries/regions whose names start with the letters "A" through "D".

(g) "USA" Or "UK"

• Returns records for USA and UK.

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/examples-of-query-criteria-3197228c-8684-4552-ac03-aba746fb29d8

The user is not allowed to access the source code so, they cannot tailor the software to their needs and  they cannot fix any bugs in it

The software is still covered by copyright

The user must get the owner’s permission to do anything beyond using it

• mirrored hard disk/hot standby/second computer
• re-run the old master file with the transaction file

Memory management

• Manage the computer’s memory;
• It can control which parts of the memory are being used by which process

Processor management

• Manage the computer’s processor(s)CPU;
• Schedules of which processes are to be executed;

Input/output management

• Manages input/output devices;
• Interacts with/manages/handles the (automatic) installation of device drivers;
•  Handles peripheral device interrupts;
• the computer can communicate with the outside world;
• Control network communication;
• Allow devices to send and receive data;

Managing storage

• Manage secondary storage devices;
• Loading data and programs into the computer’s memory;
• Storage space management (disk quotas);
• To ensure that storage space is allocated fairly and efficiently to specific tasks\users;

Managing security

•  User authentication;
• To make sure that users must prove who they are to access the system;
• Protect against malware;
• Block access to specific vulnerable operations or system areas. For example, software can only be installed with admin access;

Managing applications

• Control access to applications;
• Prevent users or processes from using unauthorised programs // allow users or
• processes to use authorised programs;
• Control application access;
• Prevent/allow an application access to data (or devices);

• Radio waves
• Microwaves
• Infrared waves

Twisted pair cables

Coaxial cables

Fibre optic cables

• allowing the network to share resources like files and software for printers and computers
• support the network's implementation of security features
• controls user accounts
• supplies network administrators with network monitoring tools.

Convert the HTML into a webpage which is rendered on the screen

• (Cache) Stores regularly accessed instructions/data
• Reduces the need to access instructions/data from the main memory
•  Makes up for the difference in speed of the CPU and main memory

One to one  - Each record in the parent table has exactly one related record in the child table, and vice versa.

One to Many -  Each record in the parent table can have multiple related records in the child table, but each record in the child table is related to only one record in the parent table

• RAID 10 is a combination of RAID 0 (zero) and RAID 1 (one)

• Protection against Password-related Vulnerabilities: Traditional password-based authentication methods are vulnerable to various risks, such as weak passwords, password sharing, or password theft.
• Stronger Access Control: Biometric readers add an additional layer of access control to laptops. Even if someone gains physical possession of the laptop, they would still need the authorized user's biometric data to unlock it and access the data. This helps prevent unauthorized individuals from accessing sensitive information stored on the laptop,
• Audit Trail and Accountability: Biometric authentication systems often come with built-in logging and auditing capabilities. This means that each time someone accesses the laptop using their biometric data, it can be recorded and associated with a specific user. This creates an audit trail, allowing organizations to track and monitor access to laptops and establish accountability in case of any security incidents or breaches.

• devices are automatically detected and configured when initially attached
• Impossible to connect device incorrectly/connector only fits one way
• has become the industry standard
• supports multiple data transmission speeds
• lots of support base for USB software developers
• supported by many operating systems
• backward compatible
• faster transmission compared to wireless