SECTION A (25 marks)
1. Identify the arm of government that interprets law in Kenya.
The Judiciary. 1 x 1 =1 mark
2. Identify the most important social activity of the bantu groups in the 19th century.
Circumcision. 1 x 1 =1 mark
3. Which Christian missionary group established a centre for freed slaves at the Kenyan Coast?
Church Missionary Society (CMS). 1 x 1=1 mark
4. Name the leader who led the Nandi resistance against the British invasion.
Koitalel Arap Samoei. 1x 11 mark
5. State two categories of people who may qualify for registration as Kenyan Citizens.
(i) A foreigner who has been resident in Kenya for continuous period of seven years.
(ii) A foreign child adopted by a Kenyan citizen.
(iii) A foreigner who has been married to a Kenyan citizen for at least seven years.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
6. Identify one category of land holding in Kenya. (1 mark)
(i) Public land.
(ii) Community land.
(iii) Private.
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark
7. Give two reasons why the Akamba collaborated with the British. (2 marks)
(i) They had been weakened by the 1899 famine.
(ii) They feared the British military power/strength.
(iii) They feared British brutality/ruthlessness.
(iv) Some of their leaders were influenced by some British officials/Mwatu wa Ngoma by John Ainsworth /personal gains.
(v) To retain their leadership positions
(vi) Needed protection from their enemies.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
8. Who was the head of the executive arm of government in Kenya during the colonial period? (1 mark)
Governor. 1 x 1 = 1 mark
9. Name authored by first President of Kenya (2 marks)
Identify two books which were written by Jomo Kenyatta.
(i) Facing Mount Kenya.
(ii) The Life of Chief Wang'ombe.
(iii) My people of Kikuyu.
(iv) Suffering without bitterness
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
10. Name and state one role of the officer in charge of administration in the National Assembly in Kenya. (2 marks)
The Clerk to the National Assembly. 1 x 1 = 1 mark.
Roles of the Clerk to the National Assembly.
(i) He/she over the election of a new speaker of the National Assembly.
(ii) He/she is the accounting officer of the National Assembly.
(iii) He/she is in charge of the administration/management of the National Assembly.
(iv) He/she is in charge of the finances in the National Assembly.
(v) He/she manages the Chamber. /prepares/maintains parliamentary house in condition (Hansard)
(vi) He/she advises the Speaker of the National Assembly on procedure to be followed.
(vii) He/she prepares bills for presidential assent.
(viii) He/she maintains a library for use by members of the house.
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark
(i) He/she should not have held office/vied for election as an MP/MCA for the last five years.
(ii) He/she should not be a member of the governing council of a political party.
(iii) He/she should not be a state/public officer.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
Outline two qualifications for a reason to be appointed as commissioner for the Independent Electoral and Boundary Commission of Kenya. (2 marks)
(i) He/she should not have held office/vied for election as an MP/MCA for the last 5 years.
(ii) He/she should not be a member of the governing council of a political party.
(iii) He/she should not be a state/public officer.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
Apart from Kadhi Court name two other Subordinate Courts in Kenya. (2 marks)
(i) The Magistrates Courts.
(ii) The Courts Marshall. Martial.
(iii) Local tribunals established by the Parliament.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
State two principles of Devolved Government in Kenya. (2 marks)
(i) They are based on democracy and separation of powers.
(ii) They shall have reliable sources of revenue to facilitate effective delivery of services.
(iii) They shall ensure gender balance/no more than ⅔ of either gender/in office holding/position.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
14. State the purpose of the Equalization Fund in Kenya. (1 mark)
To provide basic services to the marginalized areas/regions/uplift basic services in marginalized areas to the level of others.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
15. Highlight two pressure groups which were pushing for multiparty democracy in Kenya in the 1990s. (2 marks)
(i) The Civil Society.
(ii) The Lawyers.
(iii) Journalist/Media persons/the press.
(iv) Intellectuals/Academics/University lecturers.
(v) The clergy/church
(vi) Politicians
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
16. Name the first Prime Minister of Kenya. (1 mark)
Jomo Kenyatta.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
19. Identify one category of cooperative societies as formed in Kenya since independence. (1 mark)
(i) Producer cooperatives.
(ii) Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCO).
(iii) Consumer cooperatives.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
17. Outline two qualifications for a person to be appointed as a commissioner IEBC
(i) He/she should not have held an office/vied for
SECTION B (45 marks)
18. (a) Name five Kalenjin sub-groups in Kenya.
(i) Nandi
(ii) Kipsigis
(iii) Tugen
(iv) Marakwet
(v) Pokot
(vi) Sabaot/Konye/Bengumek/Bok.
(vii) Keiyo
(viii) Keiyo
(ix) Okiek Terik/Nyang'ori
(x) Bongomek Endorois
(xi) Terik
In Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks
(b) Explain five economic activities of the Luo during the 19th century.
(i) They practised pastoralism/cattle keeping/rearing animals like cattle/goats/sheep/which provided them with milk/meat/hides/skins.
(ii) They practised iron working which they had borrowed from the Bantu.
(iii) They hunted wild animals/gathering of wild fruits to supplement their diet.
(iv) They traded with their neighbours/Abaluyia/Abagusii.
(v) They raided their neighbours/Maasai/Nandi for their animals so as to replenish their stock.
(vi) They practised craftsmanship/basketry/pottery/ornament making with which they exchanged with their neighbours.
(vii) They practised cultivation/grew crops which boosted their food supply/reserve.
(viii) They practised fishing in lakes/rivers/other water sources.
(ix) They gathered wild fruits to supplement their diet.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks.
19. (a) Identify five groups of the early visitors into East African Coast up to 1500 A.D. (5 marks)
(i) Egyptians
(ii) Greeks
(iii) Romans
(iv) Turks
(v) Persians
(vi) Malaysians
(vii) Chinese
(viii) Indians
(ix) Arabs
(x) Portuguese
(xi) Phoenicians
(xii) Indonesians
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks
(b) Discuss five factors which led to the decline of the city states along the Kenyan Coast. (10 marks)
(i) Invasion by the Wazimba/cannibalist/man eaters thereby making the people flee.
(ii) They experienced poor climate/water shortage in some of the states.
(iii) They were attacked/conquered by the Portuguese who had greater military strength than them.
(iv) Economic activities were slowed down due to conflicts between the Portuguese and the Oman Arabs over control of the settlements/insecurity in the region.
(v) Rivalry among the city states for the control of the Indian Ocean trade which made them unable to help each other.
(vi) Disruption of the Indian Ocean trade by the Portuguese thereby denying/depriving them of revenue.
(vii) Diversion of trade goods by some African middlemen to the northern routes thereby slowing down the trade/their importance as trading centres.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks
20. (a) Name three missionaries who came to Kenya by the 1960's. (3 marks)
(i) Johann Rebmann.
(ii) Ludwig Krapf.
(iii) Thomas Wakefield.
(iv) Jacob Erhardt.
(v) Dr. John Arthur.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
(b) Discuss six results of the Maasai collaboration with the British in Kenya. (12 marks)
(i) The Maasai were divided into two sections/Laikipia and Ngong leading to separation of related families.
(ii) Lenana was recognized as the paramount chief in 1901 thereby elevating/raising his status.
(iii) It led to land alienation where the Maasai lost their territorial land to the British as they were pushed to the reserves.
(iv) The Maasai freedom to conduct rituals was restricted as the British allowed them only five miles for initiation rites.
(v) It led to the disruption of the Maasai cattle economy leading to reduction of wealth due to restriction of wealth as the number of animals to be kept was reduced/Destocking policy.
(vi) The Maasai were rewarded by the British with cattle/grains from raids as other communities/Nandi/Agikuyu.
(vii) The Maasai lost their independence as their territory was declared a British protectorate /in 1885.
(viii) The Maasai nomadic grazing habits were largely hindered as movement of their herds was limited.
(ix) The Maasai cattle breeds were weakened as they were not allowed to cross breed with the neighbours/ the Samburu.
(x) The Maasai were hired by the British as mercenaries to fight resisting communities like the Nandi/Agikuyu.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks
21. (a) Identify three African nationalists who were imprisoned at Kapenguria in 1952. (3 marks)
(i) Jomo Kenyatta.
(ii) Achieng Oneko.
(iii) Bildad Kaggia.
(iv) Paul Ngei.
(v) Kungu Karumba.
(vi) Fred Kubai.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
(b) Discuss six political challenges experienced in Kenya between 1980 and the late 1990s. (12 marks)
(i) Kenya became a de jure / by law one party state following a constitutional amendment in 1982 thereby undermining democracy.
(ii) There was a coup attempt in 1982 which created a state of uncertainty/lawlessness/loss of lives in the country.
(iii) The alleged rigging of elections in 1988 which provoked Kenyans to agitate for multi-party democracy.
(iv) The murder of Robert Ouko which created ethnic animosity /hatred among Kenyans.
(v) The removal of tenure of the Attorney General, Chief Secretary, the Controller and Auditor General which perpetuated misuse of power/resources.
(vi) There were tribal clashes in some parts of the country/Rift valley/Coast region which caused loss of lives/displacements/destruction of property.
(vii) Infighting within political parties/struggle for leadership which undermined national unity/cohesion.
(viii) Foreign interference by some members of the international community by influencing critical political decisions/policies.
(ix) Crack down on govt critics which instilled fear among the activists.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks
SECTION C (30 marks)
22. a) State three roles of presiding officers during a general election. In Kenya (3 marks)
(i) They assist illiterate/elderly voters to mark ballot papers.
(ii) They report any breach of peace in the polling station.
(iii) They ensure every eligible voter casts their vote only once.
(iv) They conduct polls in an orderly manner.
(v) They ensure impartiality/fairness/neutrality in their stations.
(vi) They seal ballot boxes/transfers them to counting centre.
(vii) They count marked ballot papers/votes in the witness of party agents.
(viii) They announce results of votes casted/counted in the polling station.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
b) Discuss six functions of the Public Service of Kenya. /civil service (12 marks)
(i) It ensures continuity in government operations as the holders of offices come and go, but the service is permanent.
(ii) It implements government programmed policies through the various departments.
(iii) It collects government revenue/taxes through the Kenya Revenue Authority/issuance of licences.
(iv) It provides services to the citizens/people through various ministries/state departments.
(v) It maintains law and order through the various security organs/National Police Service/Kenya Defence Forces/National Intelligence Service.
(vi) It maintains government records through various agencies /departments as Registrar of Persons/Registrar of Births and Deaths/Registrar of Marriages/National Archives.
(vii) It interprets government policies to the people through the Ministry of Interior/administrators.
(viii) It manages conflicts/cases.
(viii) It advises cabinet secretaries on policies that govern various ministries/departments/agencies.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks
23. (a) Give the composition of the Supreme Court of Kenya. (3 marks)
(i) The Chief Justice.
(ii) The Deputy Chief Justice.
(iii) Five other judges.
3 x 1 = 3 marks
(b) Explain six functions of the High Court of Kenya. (12 marks)
(i) It exercises unlimited original jurisdiction in criminal/civil matters/cases.
(ii) It hears appeals form lower/subordinate courts.
(iii) It protects the rights/fundamental freedoms in the Bill of Rights by granting requisite rights which may have been denied/infringed on by some parties against others/promote human dignity.
(iv) It supervises lower/subordinate courts within their areas of jurisdiction.
(v) It hears appeals from tribunals appointed by the constitution to consider removal of persons from office except the president.
(vi) It addresses questions concerning the interpretation of the Constitution.
(vii) It hears/determines cases regarding petitions arising from general/by-elections.
(viii) It exercises revisionary powers by correcting decisions made by lower/subordinate courts.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks.
(a) Outline five principles of public finance in Kenya. (5 marks)
(i) There shall be openness/accountability/public participation in financial matters.
(ii) There shall be special provision for marginalized groups/areas/promotion of equitable development.
(iii) Public money shall be used in a prudent/responsible way.
(iv) There shall be responsible/clear reporting/of financial management.
(v) There shall be equitable distribution of financial resources among national and county governments.
(vi) The benefits/burdens of financial resources/public borrowing shall be shared between the present and future generations.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks
(b) Describe five ways in which the National Government of Kenya spends its revenue. (10 marks)
(i) It uses money to fund transport infrastructure/roads/railways/harbours in different parts of the country.
(ii) It uses revenue to establish schools, /other learning institutions /gives grants/bursaries in order to promote education in the country.
(iii) It uses funds to develop health facilities/hospitals/provision of health services like medicine.
(iv) It pays wages/salaries to public servants who provide services to the people.
(v) It uses revenue to undertake general repair/maintenance of public facilities.
(vi) It repays loans/grants advanced to Kenya by the bi-lateral/multi-lateral organizations/International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank/local organizations.
(vii) It pays subscriptions to international organizations such as the African Union/United Nations to which Kenya is a member.
(viii) It gives grants to County government/parastatals in order to enhance service delivery.
(ix) It uses revenue to pay rent for Kenyan embassies abroad.
(x) It uses revenue to import petroleum products which are required in the industrial/transport sectors.
(xi) It uses 15% of its revenue to fund the County governments in line with the Constitution.
(xii) Establishment/Maintenance of security
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks