SECTION A (25 MARKS)
1. Identify two branches of History.
(i) Social.
(ii) Economic.
(iii) Political.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
2. Give the current stage in the evolution of human beings.
Homo sapiens sapiens.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
3. Which was the first animal to be domesticated by human beings.
Dog.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
4. State two advantages of written messages as a form of communication.
(i) The information can be translated into many languages.
(ii) The information given is kept as a record for future reference.
(iii) The information may not be forgotten easily/is reliable/more accurate.
(iv) The information may be accurate.
(v) The information can be printed into many copies.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
5. Identify two factors that led to the decline of early urban centres in Africa.
(i) Wars of conquest.
(ii) Shortage of water.
(iii) Decline of trade.
(iv) Change of trade routes.
(v) Collapse of empire/insecurity.
(vi) Exhaustion/Depletion of minerals/iron ore.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
6. Outline two uses of steel during the Industrial Revolution in Europe.
(i) Reinforcing buildings. bridges
(ii) To construct railway lines/vehicles/ships.
(iii) Making utensils.
(iv) To make engines/equipments.
(v) Manufacture of locomotives/vehicles/ships.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
7. Give the main economic activity of the ancient city of Meroe.
Iron working/smelting.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
8. Name one African community which participated in the Chimurenga War (1896-1897).
(i) The Ndebele.
(ii) The Shona.
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark
9. List two types of democracy.
(i) Direct democracy/pure/participatory/classical/modern
(ii) Indirect/representative/participatory/Parliamentary.
(iii) Constitutional/liberal.
Presidential
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
10. Identify two methods used by the Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa.
(i) Signing treaties.
(ii) Company rule.
(iii) Diplomacy.
(iv) Treachery/Tricks/Luring/Enticement
(v) Military expeditions/conquest/force.
(vi) Divide and rule.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
11. Give one reason why the white settlers chose to establish self-government in Zimbabwe.
(i) They feared their economic interests would be neglected.
(ii) They feared political domination by the Afrikaners.
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark
12. Name the two military alliances which were formed during the Cold war.
(i) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
(ii) The Warsaw Pact.
2 x 1 = 2 marks
13. Outline one reason why the United States of America did not join the First World War until 1917.
(i) Monroe Doctrine was against her interference with European-affairs.
(ii) She did not want to provoke/offend her citizens of German origin/storing civil war in the country.
(iii) The war had not interfered with her interests before 1917.
(iv) She had commercial/trade relations with both alliances.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
14. Name the event that marked the end of Second World War in 1945.
(i) The bombing of Hiroshima/Nagasaki.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
15. Identify the philosophy that was adopted by Tanzania for her development.
Socialism/Ujamaa.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
16. Define the term 'Commonwealth.'
This is an organization/association of the former British colonies.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
17. Give two qualifications of a voter in Britain.
(i) One should be aged eighteen years and above.
(ii) One must be a registered voter.
(iii) One must be a British Citizen/Birth/Registration.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
SECTION B (45 marks)
18. (a) Identify five animals kept in Mesopotamia during early agriculture.
(i) Goats.
(ii) Cattle.
(iii) Sheep.
(iv) Ducks.
(v) Horses.
(vi) Pigs.
(vii) Geese.
(viii) Donkeys/asses.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks.
(b) Discuss five effects of food shortage in Third World Countries.
(i) It slows down economic growth as most resources are used to buy food; rather than for economic development.
(ii) It causes loss of lives/high mortality/death rate due to famine/malnutrition/starvation.
(iii) It leads to overdependence on the developed nations; with dire consequences of economic exploitation/neo-colonialism.
(iv) It leads to migration of people from famine stricken areas, thereby straining resources of receiving/host areas.
(v) Increased infant/child mortality rate due to poor nutrition for children.
(vi) It has led to decline/closure of agro-based industries due to lack of raw materials.
(vii) Social problems like poverty escalate leading to poor quality of life/increase in social evils.
(viii) It has led to malnutritional diseases/Kwashiorkor/Marasmus
The little food available becomes expensive/unaffordable.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks.
19. (a) State five roles played by the Tuaregs during the Trans-Saharan trade.
(i) They watered/fed the camels/horses/traders.
(ii) They acted as a guides to the traders.
(iii) They provided security to traders.
(iv) They acted as interpreters.
(v) They gave food/water to the traders/camels/horses.
21. (a) Name three political parties which were formed in Kenya before 1939.
(i) Kikuyu Central Association (KCA).
(ii) East African Association.
(iii) Kavirondo Taxpayers Welfare Association.
(iv) Ukamba Members Association.
(v) Coast African Association.
(vi) Taita Hills Association.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
(b) Explain six factors that undermined the activities of the early political movements in Ghana.
(i) They lacked adequate funds to finance their operations.
(ii) They were poorly organized which made it difficult to challenge the colonial government effectively.
(iii) The political parties were ethnic based thereby limiting their support.
(iv) The leaders lacked experience which made it difficult for them to mobilize the masses.
(v) They were harassed by the colonial government through arrests/detentions.
(vi) The chiefs who were appointed by the colonial government failed to support the nationalists.
(vii) The nationalists were divided over objectives/ideologies.
(viii) Low levels of education among the masses limited their participation in the struggle.
(ix) The colonial government enacted laws to curtail the activities of the nationalists.
(x) The movements were banned by the colonial government.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks
SECTION C (30 marks)
22. (a) Give three functions of the Prime Minister in Britain. (3 marks)
(i) Appoints/dismisses cabinet ministers.
(ii) Chairs cabinet meetings.
(iii) Is the leader of the House of Commons.
(iv) Is the chief executive of the British government.
(v) Initiates both domestic and foreign policies.
(vi) Answers questions from the members of parliament.
(vii) Oversees the implementation of government policies.
(viii) Controls the cabinet secretariat.
(ix) Represents Britain in international meetings/conferences.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
(b) Explain six functions of the Monarchy in Britain. (12 marks)
(i) The Monarch summons/dissolves/prorogues parliament.
(ii) He/she approves bills before they become law.
(iii) He/she appoints/dismisses the Prime Minister.
(iv) He/she is the commander in chief of the armed forces.
(v) He/she is the head of the Commonwealth.
(vi) He/she is the head of the Church of England.
(vii) He/she represents the state in national/international functions.
(viii) He/she gives honours/awards to distinguished citizens/personalities.
(ix) He/she gives assent to bills before they become law.
(x) He/she is the legal head of state.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks
23. (a) State five challenges faced by the Non-Aligned Movement. (5 marks)
(i) The movement lacks a permanent secretariat/army/financial resources to implement its decisions.
(ii) Personality differences/national interests among members hinder the realization of its objectives.
(iii) The movement lacks an enforcement mechanism to implement its resolutions.
(iv) The movement has failed to address/resolve internal conflicts among member states.
(v) There is political instability in some member states.
(vi) The movement is weakened by the collapse of the Soviet Union/end of the Cold War.
(vii) The movement suffers from neo-colonialism/interferences from the developed nations.
(viii) The movement is weakened by the formation of regional economic blocs.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks
(b) Discuss five achievements of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). (10 marks)
(i) It promoted unity/cooperation among African states.
(ii) It promoted peace/security in the African continent.
(iii) It condemned/fought against apartheid regime in South Africa.
(iv) It provided a forum for African states to discuss common issues.
(v) It supported liberation movements in Africa.
(vi) It promoted economic development/trade among African states.
(vii) It promoted cultural interaction/sports among African states.
(viii) It provided an enabling environment for the formation of regional economic blocs.
(ix) It enhanced African participation in international affairs.
(x) It established a mechanism for resolving disputes among member states.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks
(v) European government had policies which supported industrialization by funding/technical expertise.
(vi) Improved infrastructure which eased movement of goods/services/people/transport/communication.
(vii) Increased scientific/technological invention by scientists leading to efficiency/increase in production.
(viii) Agrarian Revolution which increased food for workers/raw materials for industries.
(ix) Availability of both domestic and external markets for finished products.
(x) Availability of skilled labour/manpower who operated machines in industry.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks.
21. (a) State five duties of the Lukiiko among the Baganda during the pre-colonial period.
(i) It helped the Kabaka in general administration.
(ii) It made laws.
(iii) It acted as the final court of appeal.
(iv) It directed tax collection.
(v) It planned expenditure/made budget.
(vi) It represented people's needs/concerns to the Kabaka.
(vii) It advised the Kabaka.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks
(b) Describe the social organization of the Shona in the 19th Century.
(i) They had a religion based on Mwari cult as Mwari was believed to be the supreme creator/being.
(ii) There were priests, whose work was to lead the people in worshipping Mwari.
(iii) The priests who were drawn from the Rozwi clan contacted Mwari through ancestral spirits.
(iv) They had two kinds of spirits Vadzimu/family spirits and Mhondoro/clan spirits which communicated through an intermediary.
(v) The society was patrilineal where sons inherited leadership from their father.
(vi) They were divided into clans whose naming was based on animals.
(vii) The community was polygamous/allowed marriage of many wives.
(viii) Members from related clans were not allowed to marry as they would attract a curse/taboo.
(ix) They built/lived in stone houses due to their reknown skill in masonry.
(x) They paid attention to adornment/elaborate hair styles/tattoo marks among the Shona.
They had middlemen/Nganga who acted as diviners.
5-10 marks
SECTION C (30 marks)
22. (a) Identify three organs of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
(i) The Assembly of Heads of state/Government.
(ii) The Council of Ministers.
(iii) The General Secretariat/The Secretariat
(iv) The Commission of Mediation/Conciliation/Arbitration.
(v) Specialised Commissions/Committees.
(vi) Specialised Agencies.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
(b) Discuss six challenges facing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).
(i) Withdrawal of some members Tanzania/Namibia has weakened the organization.
(ii) Personality differences among some leaders makes it difficult to agree on matters of common interest.
(iii) Prioritization of national interests by member states undermines those of the organization/regional integration.
(iv) Political instabilities/civil wars/ethnic conflicts in some member states undermines economic development in the region.
(v) Border conflicts between some member states threatens regional cooperation/peace/security.
(vi) Membership to other organizations by member states makes them to have divided loyalty/paying less attention to the organization.
(vii) There is limited trade opportunities as members produce similar goods.
@2023 The Kenya National Examinations Council
311/2 MS
(xi) Difficulties in enforcing regulations as members don't comply to COMESA rules thereby making difficult to achieve its objectives.
(viii) Poor transport/communication network has hampered smooth movement of goods/people/services.
(ix) Competition from more developed countries which avail cheaper goods makes it difficult for members to sell their products/unfavourable terms of trade.
(x) Conflict over trading rights which interfere with free flow of goods among the members.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks.
23. (a) Name three courts in the Judicial System of India.
(i) The Supreme Court.
(ii) The High Court.
(iii) The District Courts.
(iv) The Special Courts.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
(b) Explain six functions of the Prime Minister of Britain.
(i) He/she initiates domestic/foreign policies in Britain which define internal/external programmes.
(ii) He/she appoints/dismisses cabinet ministers with the consent of the Monarch.
(iii) He/she chairs cabinet meetings where policies governing the nation are formulated.
(iv) He/she recommends to the Monarch persons to be appointed as Civil servants/Chief Justice/High Commissioners/Lords.
(v) He/she is the leader of the House of Commons which makes/amends laws for the country.
(vi) He/she is the Chief Executive Officer of the British government/Head of government thereby responsible for execution of policies/programmes.
(vii) He/she arbitrates disputes between various government departments.
(viii) He/she represents Britain in international fora/meetings where international matters are deliberated.
(ix) He/she recommends to the Monarch persons to be conferred with state honours in recognition of their distinguished service.
(x) He/she is the leader of the party/Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks.
nominate them and influences decisions (policies
24. (a) Outline three ways through which the UN promotes world peace.
(i) By imposing sanctions against defiant states.
(ii) Sending peace keeping missions to conflict areas.
(iii) Use of UN observers/mediators/special envoys to arbitrate disputes.
(iv) Use of International Court of Justice to hear disputes/for litigation.
(v) Through diplomacy/sending peace messengers.
(vi) Investigating disputes that may threaten world peace.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
(b) Discuss six political results of the First World War.
(i) It led to the creation of new nations in Europe such as Hungary/Yugoslavia.
(ii) The size of Germany was reduced as some provinces/Alsace/Lorrain was taken over by France.
(iii) Germany was deprived of her colonies which were declared as mandate territories under the supervision of the League of Nations.
(iv) It led to the formation of the League of Nations to maintain global peace/security.
(v) USA emerged as a leading world power whose post war influence was felt in Europe/world.
(vi) It led to the rise of dictators/Benito Mussolini/Adolf Hitler whose aggression resulted to the Second World War.
(vii) It led to development of nationalistic feelings among the colonized people as the myth of white man's superiority was shattered.
(viii) It led to emergence of communism in Russia which hastened the collapse of Tsarist regime.
(ix) Political boundaries of the Turkish empire was reduced/Turkey lost Egypt/Syria/collapse of the Ottoman empire.
(x) The German army was reduced to 100,000 men/the airforce was disbanded.
(xi) Germany and her allies were forced to pay war indemnity/huge sums of money/6.5 billion Sterling pounds.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks.