1. Identify two linguistic groups in Kenya
i) Bantu
ii) Nilotes
iii) Cushites
2. State two ways in which the Agikuyu interacted with the Akamba during the Pre-colonial period
i) Through intermarriage
ii) Through trade
iii) Through warfare
iv) Through raiding
v) Through sporting activities/wrestling
3. Give the main economic activity of the plain Nilotes during the pre-colonial period
Pastoralism / Livestock keeping
4. Highlight two factors which led to increase in demand for slaves along the East African Coast during the 19th century
i) Demand for cheap African labour in Portuguese/French plantations
ii) Demand for domestic workers in Arab world/Arabia
iii) Establishment of plantation agriculture at the Coast
5. Name the document that contains the Bill of Rights for Kenyan Citizens
The constitution of Kenya
6. Give the meaning of the term ‘conflict’
It is a situation where people/groups/countries are involved in a disagreement/fight/war between people/state of disharmony
8. Identify two colors of the national flag in Kenya
i) Green
ii) White
iii) Red
iv) Black
9. State two causes of the Bukusu resistance against the British
i) They were against imposition/recognition of Nabongo Mumia as their leader
ii) They were opposed to British demand to surrender their guns
iii) They wanted to safeguard their independence
iv) They were opposed to taxation
They detested the European interference with their cultural practices
10. Identify the Cushitic community which attacked the Bantu at Shungwaya during the pre-colonial period
Oromo/Orma/Galla/Wagalla
11. Name the political party that led Kenya to Independence
The Kenya National African Union (KANU)
12. State one common political characteristic of the National Philosophies in Kenya
i) They promote nationalism/patriotism
ii) They promote national unity/cohesion
iii) They promote democratic practices
13. Give two types of elections held in Kenya
i) General elections
ii) By-elections
14. Highlight two branches of the National Government of Kenya
i) Legislature/parliament (not National Assembly/Senate)
ii) Judiciary
iii) Executive
15. Give one reason for the adaptation of the African Socialism in Kenya
i) The desire to promote unity in the country
ii) The desire to create a society free from inequality/oppression/racism
iii) The desire to create just/humane society
16. Identify the commission that recommended cost sharing in education sector in Kenya
The Kamunge Commission
17. State two ways in which the National Government of Kenya spends its recurrent expenditure
i) It repairs/maintains infrastructure
ii) It establishes/maintains security organs
iii) It pays salaries for state/public officers
iv) It services domestic/external debts
v) It maintains foreign embassies
vi) It provides for social services/health care/education/cash transfers to elderly
vii) It caters for emergencies
viii) Contributes to international organizations i.e UNO, COMESA, AU, EAC etc
SECTION B (45 marks)
18. a) State five causes of migration of the Highland Nilotes into Kenya during the pre-colonial period (5 marks)
i) There was outbreak of diseases
ii) There was population pressure
iii) Due to their love for adventure/spirit of adventure/curiosity
iv) Due to natural calamity/drought/famine
v) They were searching for land for cultivation
vi) They were running away from hostile neighbors/external attacks
vii) Due to internal conflicts/family feuds
viii) They were searching for pasture/water
b) Describe the social organization of the Borana in the 19th century (10 marks)
i) It was a patrilineal society where first born son inherited the father’s property
ii) Basic social unit was a family with the most senior married man as the head of the family
iii) They practiced circumcision for boys which marked a higher stage in life
iv) It had age-set system/Gada which comprised of people initiated at the same period
v) They practiced polygamous and exogamous marriage where one would marry from a different clan
vi) They were religious/worshipped God called Wak/Waq who was the creator of the universe
vii) They had religious leaders/Qaalu through whom they worshipped their God
viii) They performed social ceremonies/marriages/religious rituals/offering sacrifices to mark/celebrate important events in life/community
ix) Women were in charge of household chores/built houses/cared for the children/division of labour
x) The society was divided into clans consisting of related families
xi) Related/unrelated families lived in camps
19a) Identify five categories of special groups of people whose rights are enshrined in the constitution of Kenya (5 marks)
i) The youth
ii) Persons living with disabilities
iii) Children
iv) The minority/marginalized
v) Older members of the society
vi) The arrested/detained/held in custody/imprisoned
b) Explain five challenges faced by African political organizations in Kenya up to 1939 (10 marks)
i) The leaders/members were arrested or deported to disconnect them from the people/curtail their political activities.
ii) Their members were harassed by colonial authorities through the introduction of the Kipande system to monitor their movements.
iii) They experienced leadership wrangles/competition which weakened their fabric/undermined their activities.
iv) They lacked the requisite/necessary leadership experiences/skills which made them less effective.
v) Some were banned/proscribed by the colonial government (e.g., Kikuyu Central Association), hindering their operations.
vi) Disunity/tribalism/ethnicity among the organizations facilitated divide and rule by the colonial government.
20a) Highlight five features of the independence constitution of Kenya (5 marks)
i) It provided for the position of the head of state/Governor General.
ii) It provided for a bicameral government/Senate and the House of Representatives.
iii) It provided for a public service commission/civil service.
iv) It provided for automatic citizenship for all Kenyans.
v) It provided for a coalition government/power-sharing between political parties.
vi) It provided for multipartyism.
20a) (continued) Highlight five features of the independence constitution of Kenya (5 marks)
vii) It created an independent/impartial judiciary/judicial service commission.
viii) It provided for a regional/majimbo/federal system of government.
ix) It created an independent Electoral Commission/Electoral Commission of Kenya.
x) It provided for the Bill of Rights.
xi) It provided for the position of the Prime Minister, who was the head of government.
b) Describe five factors which led to the collapse of the Imperial British East African Company (IBEAC) in 1894 (10 marks)
i) Resistance by Africans who undermined the company’s operations.
ii) Poor communication between the company and its head office in Britain, leading to poor coordination.
iii) Lack of strategic natural resources/minerals for export, resulting in a weak revenue base.
iv) Many officials lacked the requisite/necessary administrative skills and experience.
v) Inadequate funds made effective operations difficult.
vi) Poor transport/lack of navigable rivers hampered movement of goods/administrators.
vii) Corruption among some company officials led to misappropriation/loss of funds and resources.
viii) Health challenges/tropical diseases/harsh climatic conditions reduced productivity of personnel.
ix) Rivalry from the German East African Company (GEACO) hindered its operations.
x) The area was vast for the few officials to manage effectively.
21 a) State five characteristics of the independent churches in Kenya during the colonial period (5 marks)
i) Worked closely with African political associations.
ii) Opposed the westernizing influence of missionaries.
iii) Allowed the practice of African culture and values.
iv) Leadership positions were held by Africans.
v) Most followers were educated/trained by missionaries.
vi) Drew a large following from rural masses.
21 a) (continued)
vii) They retained some aspects of mainstream churches in Kenya.
b) Explain five roles played by women in the MAU MAU Liberation Movement (10 marks)
i) Acted as spies/provided intelligence and information to MAU MAU fighters by befriending home guards and passing information.
ii) Some women took up arms and fought alongside men.
iii) Coordinated supplies such as food, weapons, and medicine for MAU MAU fighters.
iv) Encouraged people to join and continue with the struggle.
v) Composed and sang songs to mobilize, support, motivate fighters, and ridicule collaborators.
vi) Participated in administering oaths to keep fighters committed to the cause.
vii) Cared for and managed families while men were in the forest fighting.
22 a) State three members of the County Executive Committee of County Governments in Kenya (3 marks)
i) County Governor
ii) Deputy County Governor
iii) Members appointed by the Governor
b) Discuss six functions of the County Governor in Kenya (12 marks)
i) Acts as the Chief Executive of the county, with public servants accountable to him/her.
ii) Appoints members of the County Executive Committee, who are chief officers of county departments.
iii) Assigns responsibilities to the Deputy Governor, who assists in running the county.
iv) Supervises County Executive Committee members to ensure effective service delivery.
v) Assents to bills passed by the County Assembly into by-laws.
vi) Implements county and national legislation.
vii) Delivers the state/county address to the County Assembly.
viii) Submits County Assembly plans and policies for approval.
ix) In cases of death, resignation, or impeachment of a sitting governor, appoints a deputy governor.
23 a) State the composition of the cabinet in Kenya (3 marks)
i) The President
ii) The Deputy President
iii) The Attorney General
iv) Cabinet Secretaries
b) Explain six functions of the National Assembly in Kenya (12 marks)
i) Makes/amends laws that govern the country.
ii) Determines the allocation of public revenue between the National and County Governments.
iii) Represents the people through elected members.
iv) Deliberates on national/international issues of concern.
v) Exercises oversight on public revenue and expenditure through watchdog committees (e.g., Public Accounts Committee).
vi) Checks the conduct of public/state officers, including the president and deputy president.
vii) Approves declarations of war or state of emergency.
viii) Vets senior government/public officers before they take office.
ix) Participates in national budget scrutiny, focusing on revenue and expenditure.
24 a) Name the three branches of the Kenya Defence Forces (3 marks)
i) The Kenya Army
ii) The Kenya Air Force
iii) The Kenya Navy
b) Discuss six functions of the Kenya Police Service (12 marks)
i) Liaises with international police/Interpol to combat international crime.
ii) Maintains law and order by arresting lawbreakers.
iii) Controls crowds during public gatherings to ensure peace.
iv) Entertains the public during national events with parades.
v) Confines suspected criminals awaiting court proceedings.
vi) Regulates traffic, arrests traffic offenders, and inspects vehicles for roadworthiness.
vii) It conducts driving tests for trainee drivers/recommends persons to be issued with driving licenses by National Transport Safety Authority (NTSA)
viii) It investigates reported crime/suspected crime with a view to gathering evidence to help in court cases
ix) It protects property/government installations/provides security to senior government officers/VIPs/VVIPs
x) Prevent corruption and promote/practice transparency and accountability