311/1 MS
SECTION A (25 marks)
Answer ALL Questions in this section in the space provided after question 24.
1. Identify two theories which explain the origin of man.
(i) The Creation Theory ✓
(ii) The Evolution Theory ✓
(iii) The Traditional/mythical Theory
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.
2. State two ways in which the Agikuyu interacted with the Maasai during the pre-colonial period.
(i) They intermarried.
(ii) They traded/exchanged goods.
(iii) They borrowed items from each other.
(iv) They raided each other/fought.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.
3. Name the original homeland of the River-Lake Nilotes of Kenya.
(i) ➫ Bahr-el-Ghazal/Southern Sudan
1 x 1 = 1 mark.
4. Identify the main economic activity of the Akamba during the pre-colonial period.
(i) ➫ Livestock keeping
1 x 1 = 1 mark
5. Give one advantage of dual citizenship to a Kenyan.
(i) A person can work in either of the countries.
(ii) One can choose to live in either of the countries.
(iii) One is entitled to the rights/freedoms provided in the Constitution of Kenya.
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark.
6. State two ways in which national integration has promoted economic development in Kenya.
(i) It has enabled citizens to work/employed in any part of Kenya.
(ii) It has enabled free movement of goods/services within the country.
(iii) It has enabled citizens to invest/establish businesses in any part of the country.
(iv) It has enabled people to buy property anywhere in the country.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.
7. Identify one minority group whose rights were protected by the Constitution of Kenya at independence.
(i) The Europeans
(ii) The Asians
(iii) Minority indigenous African communities
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark.
8. Outline two advantages of indirect democracy as practised in Kenya.
(i) People exercise their democratic rights/elect leaders of their own choice.
(ii) The leaders are accountable to the electorate.
(iii) The electorate/people can vote out/recall their elected leaders.
(iv) People’s views in decision making are taken into account.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.
9. Give the type of human right which is violated if a person is unlawfully detained.
(i) ➫ The right of movement/freedom of movement.
1 x 1 = 1 mark.
10. State two demands of the African Elected Members Organization (AEMO) presented to the Colonial Secretary in 1957.
(i) The increase of African elected members in the Legislative Council.
(ii) The number of African ministers be raised to 2.
(iii) Registration of voters on a common roll.
(iv) The end of the State of Emergency.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.
11. Give the main contribution made by Tom Mboya which improved the welfare of workers in Kenya during the colonial period.
(i) ➫ He formed Trade union/workers' union.
1 x 1 = 1 mark.
12. Outline two types of cases which are determined by the Kadhi’s courts in Kenya.
(i) Marriage cases.
(ii) Divorce cases.
(iii) Inheritance cases.
(iv) Personal status.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.
13. Give two reasons that may lead to the removal of a County Governor from office in Kenya.
(i) If he/she violates the Constitution/any other law.
(ii) If he/she commits a crime under national/international law.
(iii) Due to abuse of office/gross misconduct.
(iv) Due to mental or physical incapacity to perform functions of the office.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.
14. Identify one National Security organ of the Republic of Kenya.
(i) Kenya Defence Forces.
(ii) National Intelligence Service.
(iii) National Police Service.
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark.
15. Give one classification of land ownership enshrined in the Constitution of Kenya.
(i) Public land.
(ii) Community land.
(iii) Private land.
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark.
16. State two roles played by Theatre in nation building.
(i) It educates people on different cultural aspects.
(ii) It provides entertainment.
(iii) It creates employment.
(iv) It helps in uniting people.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.
(v) It enhances creativity/sculpture/art and craft/painting.
(vi) It promotes dance/music industry.
(vii) It reflects on the country’s patriotic/spiritual development.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.
17. Give the main reason why President Daniel Arap Moi banned ethnic organisations in 1979.
➫ In order to promote national unity.
1 x 1 = 1 mark.
(v) It enhances creativity/sculpture/art and craft/painting.
(vi) It promotes dance/music industry.
(vii) It reflects on the country’s patriotic/spiritual development.
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.
(x) Islamic dressing styles were introduced where men wore long robes (kanzus) and women wore veils (buibui).
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks.
19. (a) Give three reasons why the British used direct rule in Kenya.
(i) Most of the communities were stateless/did not have elaborate traditional governments.
(ii) They wanted to establish full control of the people.
(iii) It had been successful elsewhere.
(iv) Some of the communities had been weakened by wars.
(v) Most of the communities had been economically impoverished.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks.
(b) Explain six results of the collaboration between Lenana and the British.
(i) The Maasai were evicted/displaced from some of their land which was given to the settlers.
(ii) Lenana was given protection of Paramount Chief by the British in order to please him.
(iii) Some Maasai were employed as mercenaries and were exempted from some obligations under colonial rule.
(iv) The Maasai were relieved from forced labour which was confiscated from resisting communities.
(v) Lenana was helped to fight his brother Sendeyo who belonged to the other faction who had moved to northern Tanzania.
(vi) Through Maasai agreements of 1904 and 1911, they were divided into Laikipia and Ngong reserves.
(vii) The Uganda railway was constructed through Maasailand which enhanced colonial/British administration.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks.
20. (a) Outline three reasons why African reserves were created in Kenya during the colonial period.
(i) In order to check/control the movement of Africans.
(ii) In order to create room/land for settler farming.
(iii) To provide a pool of cheap African labour.
(iv) To check/reduce/control/slow down the spread of animal diseases.
(v) It was a divide and rule tactic.
(vi) For the provision of social amenities to the Africans.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks.
(b) Explain six ways in which the construction of the Uganda Railway promoted economic development in Kenya.
(i) It provided cheap/easy transportation of raw materials to and from the market.
(ii) It enhanced the movement of labour/workers thereby enabling them to access their work places.
(iii) It opened up the interior areas where agricultural produce/valuables developed along the railway which generated revenue to the government.
(iv) It created job opportunities to many people who were employed to man/maintain it.
(v) It opened up agricultural potential areas where both settler and Africans started farming activities.
(vi) It eased transportation and stimulated the development of other infrastructural facilities.
(vii) Agro-based industries were established to process the easily available raw materials.
(viii) Improved local trade as goods could be transported faster within Kenya.
(ix) It generated revenue for the government through charges levied on goods/people transported.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks.
21. (a) Identify three political organizations that Ronald Ngala worked with in his political career.
(i) Coast African Association
(ii) Kilifi African People’s Union
(iii) Kenya African Democratic Union
(iv) Mombasa African Democratic Union
(v) Kenya African National Union
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks.
(b) Discuss six contributions of Prof. Wangari Maathai in the politics of Kenya.
(i) She founded the Green Belt Movement which advanced environmental and political activism in the country.
(ii) She served as the vice-chair and later chair of the National Council of Women of Kenya, encouraging the participation of women in political affairs.
(iii) She participated in a hunger strike at Freedom Corner/Uhuru Park to push the government to release political prisoners.
(iv) She was appointed Member of Parliament for Tetu Constituency on a NARC ticket, representing her people.
(v) She served as an Assistant Minister for Environment and Natural Resources under the NARC government, spearheading forest conservation.
(vi) She founded the Mazingira Green Party to enable candidates to run on a platform for environmental conservation.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks.
SECTION C (30 marks)
Answer any two questions from this section in the space provided after question 24.
22. (a) State five economic challenges which Kenya was experiencing after independence.
(i) High poverty levels among the people
(ii) Problems of jobs/economy
(iii) Unfavourable balance of trade
(iv) Low salaries/remunerations for Africans
(v) High unemployment rate
(vi) Inadequate capital for development
(vii) Inadequate land/settling many losers of land
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks
(b) Discuss five features of African Socialism which was adopted in Kenya after independence.
(i) Democracy example enabling environment where Africans were encouraged to participate actively
(ii) Mutual social responsibility which emphasised the spirit of brotherhood in nation building
(iii) People worked together on projects which would benefit the entire community
(iv) It emphasised equal public obligations for all regardless of one’s tribe/religion/background
(v) Narrowing the needed social services such as health and education through progressive taxation/manual assistance
(vi) Mixed economy was emphasised in order to improve production/living standards
(vii) The performance of the economy would be achieved without harming/disrupting it
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks.
23. (a) Give five qualities of a good public servant in Kenya.
(i) Efficiency/effectiveness.
(ii) Transparency/accountability.
(iii) Integrity.
(iv) Impartial/fairness.
(v) Responsiveness.
(vi) Self-driven/self-motivated.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks.
(b) Explain five functions of the Civil Service of the National Government of Kenya.
(i) It provides services required by the people in various sectors of the economy.
(ii) It keeps government records/documents which ensures continuity in the economy.
(iii) It easily understands public concerns as it is close to the people.
(iv) It maintains law and order/security through various agencies (e.g. the Kenya Police or National Intelligence Service).
(v) It ensures proper implementation of government projects/policies in order to transform the economy.
(vi) It collects revenue for the national government (e.g. through the Kenya Revenue Authority).
(vii) It liaises with other governments/international organizations which conduct business with the government.
(viii) Through the Judiciary, it settles disputes which arise among the people.
Any 5 well explained points x 2 = 10 marks.
24. (a) State five functions of the Controller of Budget of the Government of Kenya.
24. (a) State five functions of the Controller of Budget of the Government of Kenya.
(i) He/She oversees implementation of the budget of the National/County Government.
(ii) He/She authorizes withdrawals of the public funds.
(iii) He/She ensures that the withdrawals are lawful.
(iv) He/She prepares periodic reports on the implementation of the budget.
(v) He/She checks the use of government revenue.
(vi) He/She advises the government on prudent financial management.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks.
(b) Explain five ways in which the recurrent expenditure funds are used by the County Government of Kenya.
(i) They are used to pay salaries/wages to county government workers who provide services to the people.
(ii) They are used to repair/maintain government infrastructure in order to keep facilities in good working condition.
(iii) They are used to pay loans borrowed to finance county operations/activities.
(iv) They are used in the provision of bursaries/scholarships to needy students.
(v) They are used to finance sporting/cultural activities that take place in the county.
(vi) They are used to purchase/maintain machinery or equipment for county health facilities.
(vii) They are used to buy medical supplies/drugs to improve healthcare.
(viii) They are used to construct/maintain transport infrastructure for ease of movement.
Any 5 well explained points x 2 = 10 marks.