• Overtype mode: deletes the current text at the cursor position and replaces the existing characters with new text
• Insert Mode: pushes the existing text away as new text is inserted between the existing text

Incorporate language support features in their software, which allows users to select their preferred language. This can be achieved through multi-language user interfaces and providing translation capabilities. By doing so, developers address language barriers and make the software accessible to a broader audience, demonstrating a commitment to cultural inclusivity.

Gender inclusivity – use gender-neutral language in examples

Cultural/Racial inclusivity – use a variety of ethnicities in photos

Ability inclusivity – represent awareness of disability in some examples

Sexual preference inclusivity – use language that is supportive of LGBTQI+ people

Refers to a small piece of software designed to update, fix, or improve a specific part of the operating system or an application.

NB: Patches are typically released by the software's developer or the operating system vendor to address security vulnerabilities, software bugs, or to add new features or enhancements

• loss of jobs as some traditional shops/banks close
• lower profits for companies that do not get involved with e-commerce
• decline of leisure shopping as goods are bought on-line
• city centres becoming deserted as shops/banks close down
• gap between rich and poor widening as richer get savings from
• shopping on-line
• more people choosing to interact with computers rather than people
• increase in small businesses
• less pollution/travelling

Memory management

• Manage the computer’s memory;
• It can control which parts of the memory are being used by which process

Processor management

• Manage the computer’s processor(s)CPU;
• Schedules of which processes are to be executed;

Input/output management

• Manages input/output devices;
• Interacts with/manages/handles the (automatic) installation of device drivers;
•  Handles peripheral device interrupts;
• the computer can communicate with the outside world;
• Control network communication;
• Allow devices to send and receive data;

Managing storage

• Manage secondary storage devices;
• Loading data and programs into the computer’s memory;
• Storage space management (disk quotas);
• To ensure that storage space is allocated fairly and efficiently to specific tasks\users;

Managing security

•  User authentication;
• To make sure that users must prove who they are to access the system;
• Protect against malware;
• Block access to specific vulnerable operations or system areas. For example, software can only be installed with admin access;

Managing applications

• Control access to applications;
• Prevent users or processes from using unauthorised programs // allow users or
• processes to use authorised programs;
• Control application access;
• Prevent/allow an application access to data (or devices);

• it has a header that contains the destination address, the packet number, and the originator’s address
• it has a payload
• it has a trailer.

• They execute code differently – a compiler reads a complete program at once, an interpreter reads a program line-by-line
• they identify errors in different ways – a compiler does not allow a program to run until error-free, an interpreter runs the program until the first error.

– multiple choice/yes-no answers
– easy to understand interface e.g. use of icons/drop down menus etc.
– output shown as % probabilities of fault

• Single-mode fibre consists of a narrow core in which all light pulses travel at the same speed and arrive roughly at the same time at the destination.
• Supports higher bandwidth with less signal loss over a greater distance
• Multi-mode Multi-mode fibre consists of a larger core in which multiple light pulses can travel down the core.
• Supports a smaller bandwidth and signals attenuate at a shorter distance than single mode fibre.

Advantages

• on-line catalogues can be viewed
• much larger choice of products
• product reviews obtainable before purchase
• orders placed over internet any time day or night
• download software purchased straight away
• good and services usually cheaper on the internet
• programs that can search for best price/cheapest
• very fast placing an order has been placed as customer name, address
• and credit card details are stored so no need to re enter
• buy goods from anywhere in the world
• no need to go to shop/save travelling time

Disadvantages

• spam
• need a credit card to shop on-line/not everyone has a credit card
• hackers could retrieve credit card numbers and use them to buy goods
• security fears - of giving credit card number over the internet/fraud
• goods must be delivered/can not have the goods immediately
• can not touch/handle/see the goods

(i) Crop - used when handling a graphic and there is a need to remove some of the portions in the graphic

(ii)Transparency - used when there is a need to make background of a graphic visible

Shielded twisted pair cable:
A twisted pair cable is made up of four pairs of twisted copper wires, a shielded twisted pair cable applies a shield to each one of the pairs on a cable or to all of the pairs together. This shield can reduce EMI (electromagnetic interference), which would be emitted from heavy machinery. This increased data transmission quality in the workshop. STP can also reduce crosstalk.

(i) the potential health hazards of this type of work,

• backstrain due to long periods of immobility
• eye strain due to long periods of staring  at the screen
• RSI- continual use of the same muscle group

(ii) the ways that management can help to overcome the effects of the health hazards.

• Move around regularly
• use ergonomic chair
• use anti-glare screen
• use of wrist pads

• A non-volatile store of data

Advantages

• can cover large areas
• requires minimal land-based transmission support
• requires minimal infrastructure to provide internet access
• minimal impact on the environment or humans.

Disadvantages

• transmission speeds are not comparable with other forms of transmission
• data costs are expensive by comparison to other forms of transmission
• expensive to deliver.

• Commandline/ Character interface Operating systems
•  Menu Driven Operating Systems
•  Graphical User Interface Operating Systems

• In a client-server network, every device is either a client or a server whereas in a peer-to-peer network each computer has equal responsibility and each has the ability to work as both a server and a client

System analyst

Web designers

Network administrators

Database administrators

Programmers

Computer technicians

• Standards specify a set of rules for hardware and/or software used in network communications. Because all manufacturers must adhere to the standards when manufacturing network hardware or software, it means that all devices should be able to communicate, regardless of manufacturer.

A computer virus is a program designed to damage other programs or causes irregular behaviour in a computer system.