• Repeaters : amplify data signal thereby extending the physical coverage of a network. It can connect two LANs locally.
• Bridges: connect similar types of networks e.g a token ring to another token ring
• Routers: link networks of different types
• Gateway: allows computers in a network to connect regardless of their topology

• It covers many aspects that will be used to decide whether to go ahead with the project or not.
• The main components are technical, operational, economic, legal and scheduling.

• Hierarchical model  - Records in the database can be related to one parent only but can have more children records
• Network database model - a child record can be linked to  multiple parent records
• Relational database model - organizes data into tables that can be linked or related based on data common to each.

• star - if one computer goes down the others can still be used
• ring - if one computer goes down the others can not be used

• colour codes // colour in HTML/CSS
• error messages
• locations in memory
• memory dump // debugging 
• IP(v6) address
• ASCII // Unicode
• assembly language
• URL.

2.1.1 Explain the concept of open source in the context of FOSS. (2)

• Is a software whose source available and user can modify and redistribute

Give ONE example of a free operating system the company could install on a laptop. (1)

• Linux
• FreeBSD
• ReactOS
• Android
• ChromeOS
• OpenSolaris

2.1.3 State TWO disadvantages of using free open-source software.

• Lack of support
• Security risks
• Compatibility issues
• Hidden costs

- Passwords
- Hierarchy
- Only allow some staff to access student files
- Only some machines able to access
- Physical location of these machines
- Physical lock on machines
- Encrypted data in files
- Firewall if connected to the Internet

• hexadecimal is easier (for humans) to read (than binary);
• numbers are displayed in a more compact way (in hexadecimal than in binary);
• it is quicker to type in (hexadecimal numbers than binary numbers);
• it reduces the risk of typing errors (in hexadecimal numbers than binary numbers);

(i) State the name of this protocol.   HTTPS 

(ii) Identify how this protocol changes the data to transmit the data securely.

• It encrypts it
• It applies encryption algorithm
• It applies an encryption key

• The different factors that can influence the performance of a network include: bandwidth, network design, data collisions, and excess broadcast traffic.
• The bandwidth can influence through the method of transmission and medium used

A primary key is a table field that uniquely identifies each record and ensures that duplicate entries are not allowed

A foreign key is primary key of a parent table placed in a child table to ensure that any record added to a child table is related to the one in parent table.

A foreign key is a field (or a set of fields) in one table that refers to the primary key of another table. It is used to establish and enforce a link between the data in the two tables, ensuring referential integrity.

b) What Simeon and Anna said about the life of Jesus during the dedication. (7mks)

Jesus would save people

He would bring glory to Israel

He would be a light to the gentiles

He would be a universal savoir

He would bring judgment to the Israelites

Many people would oppose his work

He would reveal secret thoughts of people

He would be the source of redemption for Jerusalem

Parallel

• sending data from a computer to a printer
•  internal data transfer (buses)

Serial

• connect a computer to a modem

(a) Cookies

• Information that a website stores about a user on their hard disk; this enables
  the website to remember details about the user when they next visit the website.

(b) Spyware

• Program installed on a PC to gather information about the user. It monitors
  every key press and relays the information back to the home base

(c) Phishing

• Sending an email that claims to be from a legitimate company; the recipient is then directed to a bogus website where their personal details will be collected

(d)Spam

• Junk/ (unsolicited) electronic mail advertising products and services sent to a general mailing list.

(e) Pharming

• Malicious code installed on a PC or on a server. This code directs users to a
  a fraudulent website without their knowledge.

• Physical topology deals with the placement of nodes
• Logical topology deals with the data flow  in the network

give uninterrupted path through the system of linked traffic lights/
green link - wave
turn all lights to red
activate emergency generator
alarm

(a) One from:

• Background checks
• Access control
• Physical security
• User policies

(b) To prevent unauthorised access (1) so that data remains confidential (1) by making it unintelligible (1) because it is scrambled (1)

• Application software refers to software that is designed to help the computer user to accomplish specific tasks
• Examples of application software include; Internet browsers, word processors, spreadsheets, databases etc
• System software is software that performs tasks needed to operate the hardware and provide services to other software
• Examples Operating Systems, Networking software, utility programs(encryption, backup, disk defragmentation software, ...)

Hard disk drive

• to hold the operating system/communication and applications software/ISP software
• for storing files/information/cookies on backing store

RAM

• for data, computer programs and operating instructions which are moved into it/downloaded for data currently in use

DVD writer

• Films/videos/pictures/music/multimedia data downloaded/purchased

Modem

• link/dial up/establish communication with the Internet
• Convert digital signals to analogue/audio tones (and vice versa) Which can travel across the telephone system

1. Hardware failure
2. Corrupted software files
3. Hacking into the system
4. Power failure