• It is a feature used to prevent unwanted changes to be made on the data contained in a sheet by limiting the ability to make changes

• Font Formatting:

  • Font Style: You can change the font style (e.g., Arial, Times New Roman) for cell content.
  • Font Size: Adjust the size of the text within cells.
  • Bold, Italic, and Underline: Apply these formatting options to emphasize text.
  • Font Color: Change the color of the text.

• Cell Formatting:

  • Number Formats: Apply various number formats, such as currency, percentage, date, and time.
  • Cell Borders: Add or remove borders around cells or cell ranges.
  • Fill Color: Change the background color of cells.
  • Text Alignment: Control how text is aligned within cells (left, right, center, top, bottom).
  • Text Wrapping: Allow text to wrap within a cell if it's too long to fit in one line.

• Labels
• Values
• Formula
• Functions

• Financial accounting
• Prediction and forecasting
• Inventory keeping
• Budgeting
• Keeping records

• A formula is a mathematical expression that returns a value
• A function is an excel inbuilt formula that returns a value given a range of values or arguments

Legend

Is an arrangement of people, data, processes, communication and IT that interact to support problem solving

• The users may not have gained enough confidence to run the new system
• It may be very inconveniencing in case the new system fails or faces problems
• The weaknesses of the old system may not be corrected or may still be transferred to the new system

• College authorities are the experts in the problem
• A system Analyst is an expert with computers
• The two need to pool resources to come up with a clear definition
• Agree on the outcomes so that when the system is , there are a set of criteria to judge it by

specify output requirements
design documents/screen displays
data for input/storage
form design
storage devices
file structures/access/design
data security/back up files
systems flowchart etc.
implementation i.e. pilot/intermediate/parallel running
testing strategy
training
hardware/software
programming/algorithms
validation
user manual
technical documentation
entering data into system

• user changes his mind
• new government legalisation/company policy company changes
• changes in hardware
• changes in software/upgrades/new versions
• improved operating efficiency/ease of use

• where the new system is completely different from the old one
• if there has been extensive testing of the system and the system analyst has confidence in its functionality
• If the system is not critical

(a) Identifying technologies that may be used in a proposed system

– fact finding
– feasibility study
– analysis
– design
– testing
– documentation
– implementation/changeover/installation
– evaluation
– maintenance

• problem recognition involves the system analyst identifying and accepting the existence of a problem in the current system
• problem definition involves the analyst studying the system to understand its operations and shortcomings

Direct Change-Over

• Continually monitoring, evaluating and updating the system once it is operational. Activities include rectifying bugs, requesting changes, updating aspects, finding errors, maintaining code etc.

• It covers many aspects that will be used to decide whether to go ahead with the project or not.
• The main components are technical, operational, economic, legal and scheduling.

• The preparation of a system proposal which lists the problem definition, objectives of the study, terms of reference of study, constraints, and expected benefits of the new system, in light of the user requirements

Interviews