• TCP/IP

• It transfers data signals from one node directly to another in the network without broadcasting

• allowing the network to share resources like files and software for printers and computers
• support the network's implementation of security features
• controls user accounts
• supplies network administrators with network monitoring tools.

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Post Office Protocol (POP)
• Internet Message Access Protocol(IMAP)

• Websites – any inappropriate websites ie pornography, drugs, guns,
• terrorism etc. e.g. is it acceptable for the organisation to allow access to this
• sort of material when you can’t control who is accessing the service?
• Time – limit amount of time, they may not want to provide indefinite access
• or may want to charge for access after the time limit has expired.
• Preventing file sharing and illegal sharing\use of copyrighted materials.
• Accountability – identification of users and actions on a network by
• preventing anonymous access.
• Prevention of illegal activities such as terrorism and fraud.
• The responsibility to keep children safe and protected.
• Responsibility to keep users (customers) data safe and secure.
• Spoofing of websites, phishing. Responsibility of organisation to put some kind of protection in place, eg filtering of known fraudulent sites.
• Recording of private messages or details if not encrypted.
• Recording of usernames and passwords that the user may also use to access other systems.
• Responsibility of organisation to secure their systems from possible attack.
• Sales and marketing – providing sales leads to market products.

Ochieng manages a network for an organisation.
(a) Two computers are assigned the same IP address.
Explain why Ochieng must change the IP address of one of the computers.

• Network operating systems
• Protocols

Physical topology - the physical arrangement of nodes of a computer network

• their small wavelength allows conveniently sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna

• Radiowaves are omnidirectional while microwaves propagate in one direction at a time(unidirectional)
• Radiowaves can be propagated over long distances through sky mode while microwaves require a relay satellite to amplify and retransmit the microwaves signals to the receiver earth station

State the characteristics of each of the following network topologies (KCSE COMPUTER STUDIES 2021 )

• Physical topology deals with the placement of nodes
• Logical topology deals with the data flow  in the network

• Guided media uses cables to connect to computers whereas unguided media uses waves.

• Bus topology is characterised by common transmission media shared by all the connected nodes
• Star topology is characterised by a central switching node connected directly to each of the multiple nodes in the network

Any one of:
• To allow connected machines to communicate
• To provide the rules of communication between two networked devices

Network Failure - when the network becomes faulty or the network is down, users may not access network resources hence operations of an organization may be brought to a standstill

• Security
• Installation cost
• bandwidth the medium can support
• Flexibility e.g wireless media
• Distance

A PAN exist around a single person whereas a LAN covers a larger area

• connecting wireless headphone to a phone
• Using a wireless mouse, keyboard etc
•