List three electronic data processing modes used in computers
(ii) State what ROM and RAM store.
ROM stores BIOS / bootstrap / start-up
RAM stores currently executing programs and data
Differentiate between uploading and downloading a file
Uploading a file refers to the process of transferring a file from a local computer to a remote webserver while downloading a file refers to the process of transferring or copying a file from a remote webserver to a local machine
She lost all her photographs when her computer crashed.
(i) What is meant by the term crashed?
(ii) How could she have avoided losing all her photographs?
State ways in which an OS secures a computer system
Peter has installed internet on his home computer in order to use it for browsing. State three ways in which he would prevent viruses from infecting his computer. (3 marks)
The operators who enter the data into the files sit at keyboards to do their work.
Discuss
(i) the potential health hazards of this type of work,
(ii) the ways that management can help to overcome the effects of the health hazards.
(i) the potential health hazards of this type of work,
(ii) the ways that management can help to overcome the effects of the health hazards.
IT technicians are setting up a new file server for a school. Describe the benefits and drawbacks of using a command line interface (CLI) rather than a graphical user interface (GUI) to set up a new file server. (4marks)
Benefits
Drawbacks
Compare and contrast CLI and GUI
CLI
GUI
Comparison
Explain three ways a computer can store negative numbers (3 marks)
Prefixing an extra sign bit- A negative number is representes by prefixing a digit 1 to the number
Ones complement- This is flipping the binary equivalent of the number
Twos complement- this involves getting the ones complement and then adding a 1
1. State two ways in which a computer may be used in a healthcare sector other than record keeping
Differentiate between action query and select query
An action query is used to modify, add, or delete data in a database whereas a select query is used to retrieve data from a database based on specified criteria but does not make any changes to the data.
Identify one component common to all computers.
What situations are likely to call for the use of Direct Changed Over?
Below is a labelled diagram of a star topology network.

(a) Other than the items labelled above state the hardware required by every computer to connect to a network
b) Describe how a packet is transmitted from computer A to computer D, including the role of the switch

(a)
(b)
State a stage in system development where each of the following activities are carried out (KCSE 2018)
(a) Identifying technologies that may be used in a proposed system
(b) Identifying the shortcomings of the old system
(c) Prepares the software migration plan
A computer operates as a binary digital device. Explain why binary is used to represent computer data.
Describe and give an example of one syntax and one logical programming error.
Syntax
• An error that occurs when a command does not follow the expected syntax of the language, e.g. when a keyword is incorrectly spelt
• Incorrect: IF A ADN B Then
• Correct: IF A AND B Then
Logical
• An error that causes a program to output an incorrect answer (that does not necessarily crash the program)
• An algorithm that calculates a person’s age from their date of birth, but ends up giving negative numbers
Describe the input, processing and output from a computerised traffic-control system.
input
processing
output
Explain why a firewall improves network security.