• Realtime processing
• Batch processing
• Timesharing
• multiprogramming
• Online
• Batch
• Distributed

ROM stores BIOS / bootstrap / start-up 

RAM stores currently executing programs and data

Uploading a file  refers to the process of transferring a file from a local computer to a remote webserver while downloading a file refers to the process of transferring or copying a file from a remote webserver to a local machine

• the computer appears to “freeze”/”hang”
• computer won’t respond
• failure of hardware (stops computer normal functioning)
• failure of software (stops computer normal functioning)

• Access Controls: Authentication of users in order to access files
• Performing regular patches of updates
• creating secure accounts with required privileges
• scrutinizes all incoming and outgoing packets of data through a firewall
• encryption of data, during transmission
• Log files to detect any breach

• Installing the latest versions of antivirus software
• Avoiding downloads from untrusted sites
• Scanning removable storage media for viruses before use
• Scanning attachments for viruses before opening or downloading

(i) the potential health hazards of this type of work,

• backstrain due to long periods of immobility
• eye strain due to long periods of staring  at the screen
• RSI- continual use of the same muscle group

(ii) the ways that management can help to overcome the effects of the health hazards.

• Move around regularly
• use ergonomic chair
• use anti-glare screen
• use of wrist pads

Benefits

• The user is not restricted to the predetermined options//the GUI uses icons and set menus
• The user has more control over the computer settings//in GUI computer settings are protected from the user
• Uses less memory than GUI
• Requires less processing power for the interface
• More processing power is made available for the task

Drawbacks

• The commands used have to be learnt
• The commands used have to be remembered
• The commands used have to be typed in/entered exactly
• Have to remember the exact path/correct name of application
• More prone to errors on data entry Commands have to be typed in//in a GUI can use touchscreens/mice
• Tends to be used by specialist people//GUI is more user-friendly and can be used by non-experts

CLI

• Commands have to be typed in full with no mistakes
• Requires memorization of commands
• Uses less memory

GUI

• Due to graphics, GUI uses a lot of memory
• GUI is more user friendly
• Cannot operate properly if memory is low

Comparison

• Both carry out file management
• Both are operating systems
• Both control software and hardware

Prefixing an extra sign bit- A negative number is representes by prefixing a digit 1 to the number

Ones complement- This is flipping the binary equivalent of the number

Twos complement- this involves getting the ones complement and then adding a 1

• Patient monitoring
• Used to control medical equipment e.g ultra sound
• medical research and studies
• communication and telemedicine

An action query is used to modify, add, or delete data in a database whereas a select query is used to retrieve data from a database based on specified criteria but does not make any changes to the data.

• Processor

• where the new system is completely different from the old one
• if there has been extensive testing of the system and the system analyst has confidence in its functionality
• If the system is not critical

(a)

• Hardware required by each computer to connect to a network is a Network Interface Card / NIC / network adapter

(b)

• Computer A adds computer D’s address to packet
• Computer A sends packet to switch
• Switch looks at address on packet  Switch compares to stored list of addresses on network
• Switch forwards packet to computer D’s address

(a) Identifying technologies that may be used in a proposed system

• System Analysis/Information gathering/Problem recognition

(b) Identifying the shortcomings of the old system

• Problem definition

(c) Prepares the software migration plan

• Implementation stage

• Binary can represent two states because computer circuits use transistors, which can either be on or off

Syntax
• An error that occurs when a command does not follow the expected syntax of the language, e.g. when a keyword is incorrectly spelt
• Incorrect: IF A ADN B Then
• Correct: IF A AND B Then

Logical
• An error that causes a program to output an incorrect answer (that does not necessarily crash the program)
• An algorithm that calculates a person’s age from their date of birth, but ends up giving negative numbers

input

• from sensors
• from camera images [Max 2]

processing

• analyse data from sensors
• calculate average traffic flow/speed
• send signals to adjust change lights/timing

output

• change lights at the junction
• change timing plan

• It prevents unauthorised access into the network (by checking IP/MAC address/packet content);
•  It prevents unauthorised transmissions from inside the network to external locations;
•  It monitors network traffic;
• It makes sure that only the right/authorised traffic is allowed;
• It opens/closes ports as necessary;