Sequence: Sequential execution of a program one line after another

Selection:  Involve the a decision between two or more options e.g  if...then...else

Loops/Repetitions: Used for looping i.e a line of code can be made to execute a given number times before terminating.

High level languages are used in situations when:

1. Speed of execution is not a critical factor, such as in office applications.
2. a programmer needs to use complex commands that perform complex tasks.
3. A programmer wants to make use of standardised library / sub routines.

Low level languages are used in situations when:

1. a program must execute quickly such as real time applications
2. a programmer needs to write code that interacts directly with the hardware, such as device drivers
3. a programmer needs to perform a specific command not available in a HL language.

• Is where People are manipulated to divulge confidential information

• an use Internet connection and telephone at the same time
• much faster data transfer speed
• always “on”
• charged for number of bytes/flat rate per month rather than actual time on line
• more bandwidth

1. Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software: Organizations can purchase pre-developed software solutions from commercial vendors. These software products are typically ready-made and designed to fulfill common business needs. Examples include productivity software, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and accounting software. COTS software can be licensed based on a one-time purchase or a subscription model.

2. Custom software development: Organizations may choose to develop custom software tailored to their specific requirements. This involves hiring software developers or outsourcing the development work to a third-party vendor. Custom software offers flexibility and can be designed to align with unique business processes and workflows. It allows organizations to have full control over the software's features and functionality.

3. Open-source software: Open-source software is developed collaboratively and made freely available to the public. Organizations can acquire open-source software without incurring licensing costs. They have the right to use, modify, and distribute the software as per the terms of the open-source license. Open-source software can be an economical option, and it allows organizations to benefit from community-driven development and ongoing improvements.

4. Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS refers to software applications that are accessed and used over the internet. Organizations can acquire software on a subscription basis, where the software is hosted and maintained by the vendor. Users access the software through web browsers or dedicated client applications. SaaS eliminates the need for local software installation and offers scalability and accessibility from any location with an internet connection.

Interviews

Advantages

• can gather specific information and additional information
• high response rate to questions
• The question can be rephrased to seek more clarification
• it is possible to win the confidence of the interviewee and get honest answers

Disadvantages

• time consuming
• responses to interview questions are subjective.
• the interviewee may not open up on some sensitive issues
•  

Questionnaire

Advantages

• easy to administer
• can be anonymous.

Disadvantages

• fixed (inflexible) design
• potential differences in understanding and interpretation.

• It prevents unauthorised access into the network (by checking IP/MAC address/packet content);
•  It prevents unauthorised transmissions from inside the network to external locations;
•  It monitors network traffic;
• It makes sure that only the right/authorised traffic is allowed;
• It opens/closes ports as necessary;

• It refers to a system software that provides a platform for installation and execution of an application software and also manages the computer hardware

Domain integrity - ensures that all data in  a field contain valid values

HTTPS/HTTP: this is a protocol that is used to send data to web pages across the Internet

Uniform Resource Locator (URL):   a text-based version of a web address

Internet Service provider /ISP  - his is the company that provides a user with a connection to the Internet

browser - Software/application that allows users to view web pages / render HTML -

cookie - a text file (stored by a web browser) that contains data about a user’s browsing habits/details/preferences

Any two from:

• Registers
• Clock
• CU
• ALU

Advantages

– immediate response to questions/queries
– can see each other watch body language etc.
– easier to have several participants (would be difficult using instant messaging if
several people involved)

Disadvantages

– need for expensive equipment/high set up costs
– sometimes synchronisation problems make it difficult for delegates
– need to train people to use the new technology
– greater use of bandwidth

specify output requirements
design documents/screen displays
data for input/storage
form design
storage devices
file structures/access/design
data security/back up files
systems flowchart etc.
implementation i.e. pilot/intermediate/parallel running
testing strategy
training
hardware/software
programming/algorithms
validation
user manual
technical documentation
entering data into system

highest = -1
for student = 1 to 3000
total = 0
for exam = 1 to 8
input mark
total = total + mark
if mark > highest then highest = mark
next
average = total/8
output average
next
output highest

Python code:

highest = -1
for student in range(1, 3001):
    total = 0
    for exam in range(1, 9):
        mark = int(input("Enter mark: "))
        total += mark
        if mark > highest:
            highest = mark
    average = total / 8
    print("Average:", average)
print("Highest mark:", highest)

VBA Code

Option Explicit

Sub CalculateAverageAndHighest()
    Dim highest As Integer
    Dim total As Integer
    Dim mark As Integer
    Dim average As Double
    
    highest = -1
    
    For student = 1 To 3000
        total = 0
        For exam = 1 To 8
            mark = InputBox("Enter mark:")
            total = total + mark
            If mark > highest Then
                highest = mark
            End If
        Next exam
        average = total / 8
        MsgBox "Average: " & average
    Next student
    
    MsgBox "Highest mark: " & highest
End Sub

• Single-mode fibre consists of a narrow core in which all light pulses travel at the same speed and arrive roughly at the same time at the destination.
• Supports higher bandwidth with less signal loss over a greater distance
• Multi-mode Multi-mode fibre consists of a larger core in which multiple light pulses can travel down the core.
• Supports a smaller bandwidth and signals attenuate at a shorter distance than single mode fibre.

a repeater will amplify a signal and resend it to overcome reduction in signal strength (attenuation) because over a distance network signals diminish in size/amplitude (are attenuated) due to characteristics of the media.

System Stability: Computers require a consistent and stable power supply to function properly. Fluctuations or interruptions in the power source can cause various issues that can disrupt the computer's operation or lead to hardware damage.

a. Data Loss: Sudden power outages or voltage fluctuations can cause the computer to shut down abruptly, resulting in data loss if unsaved work is not properly stored. This can be particularly problematic when working on critical tasks or handling important files.

b. Hardware Damage: Power surges or inconsistent power supply can damage the computer's internal components, including the motherboard, CPU, memory, and storage devices. These damages can result in system instability, reduced performance, or even complete hardware failure.

c. Operating System Corruption: Abrupt power loss or inconsistent power supply can corrupt the operating system files, leading to system crashes, error messages, and instability. This may require system repairs or reinstallation of the operating system.

d. Component Lifespan: Inconsistent power supply can put unnecessary stress on computer components, shortening their lifespan. Frequent power fluctuations or surges can cause wear and tear on various parts, reducing their efficiency and overall longevity.

• Extra bit on each data-byte that
•  Does not transmit data
• Makes the number of ones in a byte always even or always odd
• Error in the transmission of a bit will make the even/odd wrong
• The problem of two errors in one byte not being found
• Parity block

– if one station/cable fails, others are not affected
– easier to identify faults when using star topologies
– it is easier to expand this type of network
– performance doesn’t deteriorate under load

Data and instructions are fetched from main memory, from addresses requested by the CPU on the address bus. (Data and instructions are sent) using the data bus. (Data and instructions are then) decoded and executed in the CPU.
Results of operations are sent back to the memory on the data bus