• Patient monitoring
• Used to control medical equipment e.g ultra sound
• medical research and studies
• communication and telemedicine

Explain the purpose of each of the following features of a spreadsheet chart (KCSE 2021, Q19 (a))

Legend

• Legends are a small visual representation of the chart's data series to understand each without confusion.

A data series

• is a row or column of numbers that are entered in a worksheet and plotted in your chart, such as a list of quarterly business profits
• A group of related data points or markers that are plotted in charts and graphs

Data Marker

• A symbol on the chart that represents a single value in the worksheet.
• A column, dot, pie slice, or another symbol in the chart representing a data value

https://www.lifewire.com/data-series-data-points-data-labels-3123411

• Refers to selecting a group of text eg word, sentence or even a paragraph in order to work with it as a whole

An action query is used to modify, add, or delete data in a database whereas a select query is used to retrieve data from a database based on specified criteria but does not make any changes to the data.

Refers to a small piece of software designed to update, fix, or improve a specific part of the operating system or an application.

NB: Patches are typically released by the software's developer or the operating system vendor to address security vulnerabilities, software bugs, or to add new features or enhancements

• star - if one computer goes down the others can still be used
• ring - if one computer goes down the others can not be used

• loss of jobs as some traditional shops/banks close
• lower profits for companies that do not get involved with e-commerce
• decline of leisure shopping as goods are bought on-line
• city centres becoming deserted as shops/banks close down
• gap between rich and poor widening as richer get savings from
• shopping on-line
• more people choosing to interact with computers rather than people
• increase in small businesses
• less pollution/travelling

There could be several possible causes for the issues Jane is experiencing with her computer keyboard, including:

1. Software Issues
   - Cause: Outdated or corrupt system files, drivers, or operating system.
   - Solution:
     - Ensure the operating system and drivers are up-to-date.
     - Run a system file checker to repair any corrupted system files (e.g., on Windows, run "sfc /scannow" from the Command Prompt).
     - Consider reinstalling the operating system if issues persist.

2. Hardware Issues:
   - Cause: Physical damage or malfunction in the keyboard hardware.
   - Solution:
     - Check for physical damage or debris under the keys and clean the keyboard if necessary.
     - If cleaning doesn't help, consider replacing the keyboard with a new one.

3. Resource Overload:
   - Cause: The computer may be running too many background processes or lacking sufficient hardware resources.
   - Solution:
     - Close unnecessary background applications and processes to free up system resources.
     - Consider upgrading the computer's RAM, CPU, or storage if it's outdated and unable to handle current software demands.
     - Use task manager or activity monitor to identify and terminate resource-intensive processes.

4. Malware or Viruses:
   - Cause: Malicious software can slow down a computer, cause hanging, and delay startup.
   - Solution:
     - Perform a full system scan using reputable antivirus or anti-malware software to remove any threats.
     - Ensure that the operating system's security patches are up-to-date.

5. Disk Fragmentation:
   - Cause: Fragmented files can slow down the loading of applications and overall system performance.
   - Solution:
     - Run a disk defragmentation tool (e.g., Windows' built-in tool) to optimize file storage on the hard drive.
     - Consider upgrading to a solid-state drive (SSD) for faster application loading times.

6. Insufficient Storage:
   - Cause: If the hard drive is nearly full, it can cause slow performance.
   - Solution:
     - Free up space by deleting unnecessary files and programs.
     - Consider upgrading to a larger capacity hard drive or SSD if storage space remains an issue.

7. Background Processes and Startup Items:
   - Cause: Too many unnecessary programs running in the background or starting up with the computer.
   - Solution:
     - Disable or remove unnecessary startup items and background processes to improve startup time.
     - Use the Task Manager or System Preferences (on macOS) to manage startup items.

It's important to diagnose the specific cause of the issues Jane is facing by troubleshooting each potential problem one by one. In some cases, a combination of these solutions may be necessary to fully resolve the problems with her computer keyboard.

• Outsourcing is the practice of using third-party providers to perform services and/or create goods that would traditionally be done within the business.

IP spoofing

A technique used to gain unauthorised access to a computer whereby an intruder sends messages to that computer from a false IP address

Back door:
An undocumented method of gaining access to a program, online service or an entire computer system

17. a) i) Explain the term search as used in the Internet.                                            [2]

A web based application that locates items or information from the World Wide Web

ii) Peter intends to download a movie from the Internet. State the three factors that may determine the total time taken to complete the download.                                           [3]

• Size of the video/format
• The bandwidth of the media/speed of network/network traffic
• Type of browser software
• Background activities running in the computer
• Restrictions enforced in the computer/firewall/antivirus
• Speed of the computer/CPU speed
• Size of RAM

b) Wakulima online is an organization that runs a web based system for assisting farmers to obtain market for their produce. State four technological reasons that may cause a farmer not to access the organization’s system.                                                                                  [4]

• Poor network/lack of connection
• Software failure in the system

• Hardware failure
• Lack of access rights
• System overload/hanging
• Lack of skills/disability/illiteracy
• Lack of power supply

c) Explain a situation when each of the following Desktop Publishing program features may be used when creating a publication:

i. Cropping                                                                                                               [2]

Applies to graphics – used to trim/remove/hide some portions in the graphics

ii. Transparency                                                                                                         [2]

Used to make background of a graphic to be clear/visible

d. List two areas where infrared waves are used in data communication.                             [2]

18. a) List four activities of the planning stage of systems development.                             Ignore this question, marks redistributed elsewhere

b) Explain a circumstance when each of the following feasibility studies are carried out during systems development.

i. Technical                                                                                                               [3]

Done to determine whether technology exists to support the proposed solution

ii. Economic                                                                                                              [3]

Done to determine whether the proposed solution is economically viable

iii. Schedule                                                                                                               [3]

Done to determine whether the proposed system can be done within an acceptable time.

c) Table 1 and Table 2 are related tables in a database. Use them to answer the questions that follow.

Table 1

Table 2

i. Identify the appropriate primary key for each table.                    [2]

Table 1 – Dept code, Student Registration No

ii. Explain two benefits of enforcing referential integrity in the database. [4]

• No record can be added in Table 2 if its corresponding record in Table 1 does not exist
• No record in Table 1 can be deleted without first deleting the corresponding record in Table 2
• Reduces data redundancies/ensures integrity
• Prevents deletion of related table

19. a) Describe each of the following validation checks as used in data processing.

i. Preserve check                                                                                                      [2]

Ignore this question, marks redistributed elsewhere

ii. Data type check                                                                                                    [2]

Ensure correct type of data is entered for the field

iii. Check digit                                                                                                           [2]

This is a number added/calculated by the computer to a binary number. The check digit ensures correct transmission of the binary number.

b. Write each of the following abbreviations in full:

i) BCD                                                                                                                                    [1½]

Binary Coded Decimal

ii) EBCD                                                                                                                                 [

This question was thrown out and marks redistributed elsewhere

iii) ASCII                                                                                                                    [1½]

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

c) Using 10-bits binary number system, perform the following decimal operation using two’s complement.                                                                                                                                   [6]

12910 - 12810

+129 = 00 1000 0001

128 = 00 1000 0000

-128 = 11 0111 1111 (ones complement)

                            +1

          11 1000 0000 (Twos complement)

129- 128

     00 1000 0001

+ 11 1000 0000

 100 0000 0001

Hence = 00 0000 00012 or 12 (the overflow bit is ignored)

• used to identify a device
• it is a unique (address)
• it is a static address // it does not change
• it is set by the manufacturer
• the first part is the manufacturer ID/number / identifies the manufacturer
• the second part is the serial number / ID.

• By setting the validation rule for the input controls on the property sheet in design view
• By use of VBA to restrict user inputs for a given control on a form
• By use of queries to restrict options available for the user in a combo box or listbox
• Setting correct data types for the fields in table the design
• Enforcing referential integrity in database relationships
• Use of input mask for the controls on the property sheeet in design view

• Hierarchical model  - Records in the database can be related to one parent only but can have more children records
• Network database model - a child record can be linked to  multiple parent records
• Relational database model - organizes data into tables that can be linked or related based on data common to each.

• devices are automatically detected and configured when initially attached
• Impossible to connect device incorrectly/connector only fits one way
• has become the industry standard
• supports multiple data transmission speeds
• lots of support base for USB software developers
• supported by many operating systems
• backward compatible
• faster transmission compared to wireless

Windows for example a word processing application and a spreadsheet
 
Menus, for example, allow the user to perform operations or run applications such as right-click to create a new folder  
 
Icons for example a picture of linked computers for networking
 
Pointers(mouse or touchscreen)  for example to select items/trigger events  
 
Shortcuts for example to frequently used applications for example having a shortcut to your mail client on your desktop
 
File navigation for example when searching the hard disc for a file/folder using a browser
 
copying / deleting / moving/sorting/naming/searching of files or folders for example copying of a file from the hard drive to a USB pen drive (File handling)
 
Desktop customisation for example changing the colours and background image
 
Copy and paste for example between applications e.g. copying a graph from a spreadsheet to a word processor
 
Error messages for example provide users with error/warning/help messages for example ‘printer out of paper’ 

MAR( memory address register)

• Stores the address/location where data will be read/written/accessed/fetched
• stores address/location of data/instruction being processed
• stores address/location of data/instruction next to be processed

MDR or  memory data register

• Stores the data/instruction that is fetched/read from memory
• stores the data that is to be written to memory
• stores the data/instruction from the address in the MAR
• stores data/instruction next to be processed

 Program counter

• Stores the address/location of the next instruction to be run
• stores the address/location of the current instruction being run

Accumulator

• Stores the result of manipulation/process/calculation

Utility Software

(a) Defragmentation software   -   Reorganises files on a disk to improve efficiency

(b) Disk contents analysis/repair software - Scans a hard disk to identify bad sectors

(c) Disk formatter -  Prepares a hard disk for first use

• Overtype mode: deletes the current text at the cursor position and replaces the existing characters with new text
• Insert Mode: pushes the existing text away as new text is inserted between the existing text