• has a significantly larger address pool than previous version
• features a client-side address assignment
• has built-in encryption
• enables one device to have many network addresses

• More RAM will improve the performance of the computer 
• More RAM will speed up the access to data
• Excessive use of VM can cause disk thrashing which decreases performance
• VM is slower to access than RAM direct (because it has to go back to RAM first)
• Moving data between RAM and VM takes processor time

(a) Like "*kenya*"

• Returns the records of all countries that contain the string "kenya"

(b) Like "*ina"

• Returns records for all countries/regions whose names end in "ina", such as China and Argentina.

(c) Like U*

• Returns records for all countries/regions whose names start with "U", such as UK, USA, and so on.

(d) Not Like U*

• Returns records for all countries/regions whose names start with a character other than "U".

(e) >= "Mexico"

• Returns records of all countries/regions, beginning with Mexico and continuing through the end of the alphabet.

(f) Like "[A-D]*"

• Returns records for countries/regions whose names start with the letters "A" through "D".

(g) "USA" Or "UK"

• Returns records for USA and UK.

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/examples-of-query-criteria-3197228c-8684-4552-ac03-aba746fb29d8

• Is where People are manipulated to divulge confidential information

1. Virus scanning / Anti-virus. Used to locate and delete viruses / scans and compares files with databases of known viruses.
2. Firewall: checks data packets / examines source address / filters out unexpected packets.
3. Back up. Copies data onto a separate storage device for use if the original data is lost or corrupted.

– if one station/cable fails, others are not affected
– easier to identify faults when using star topologies
– it is easier to expand this type of network
– performance doesn’t deteriorate under load

• TCP/IP

1. Overheating: Smoke and dust particles can accumulate inside the computer's casing, blocking airflow and hindering the cooling mechanisms of the computer. This can lead to overheating of the internal components, such as the CPU and graphics card. Overheating can cause system instability, performance degradation, and even permanent damage to the hardware.

2. Component Malfunction: Smoke and dust particles can settle on electronic components, such as the motherboard, memory modules, and connectors. Over time, this accumulation can create a layer of debris, leading to poor electrical contact and interference with signal transmission. This can result in component malfunctions, intermittent failures, or even complete hardware failure.

3. Short Circuits: If smoke or dust particles contain conductive materials, such as metal flakes or moisture, they can create a risk of short circuits. When conductive particles come into contact with exposed circuits or connectors, they can cause a direct electrical connection between two points that are not intended to be connected. Short circuits can damage components, disrupt data transmission, and even pose a fire hazard.

4. Increased Maintenance Requirements: Smoke and dust particles can increase the frequency and complexity of computer maintenance. Accumulated dust can clog cooling fans, causing them to work less effectively or even fail. Additionally, smoke particles can leave behind sticky residues that further attract dust, making the cleaning process more challenging.

5. Reduced Performance and Reliability: As smoke and dust particles accumulate within the computer, they can restrict the movement of mechanical components, such as fans or disk drives, affecting their performance and reliability. Dust particles can also hinder the reading and writing capabilities of optical drives or cause errors in data transmission.

(i) Jobs collected together for processing at a later time
(ii) Output produced quickly enough to affect the next input
(iii) User has direct contact with the processor
(iv) User cannot communicate directly with the processor

• Easy to add nodes
• Managed centrally
• Fewer data collisions
• A single node failure does not affect the rest of the network

• Commandline/ Character interface Operating systems
•  Menu Driven Operating Systems
•  Graphical User Interface Operating Systems

• Detecting congestion.
• Synchronizing activity between traffic lights.
• Updating traffic light timing in real time.
• Updating and informing drivers of ideal speeds.
•  Prioritizing transportation flow.
•  Reduce congestion and time spent on the road
• By reducing congestion it will decrease pollution
• Prioritize traffic based on changes in traffic conditions in real time.
• This system is also helpful to reduce infrastructure damage. It is possible to identify overloaded vehicles and provide them with appropriate ways or roads, which will reduce road damage.

• In a client-server network, every device is either a client or a server whereas in a peer-to-peer network each computer has equal responsibility and each has the ability to work as both a server and a client

The organisation of files is in a hierarchy/tree structure
A node is either a folder/directory/sub-folder/sub-directory or the file itself
The top node/folder/directory/drive is the root

• virtual memory

HTTPS/HTTP: this is a protocol that is used to send data to web pages across the Internet

Uniform Resource Locator (URL):   a text-based version of a web address

Internet Service provider /ISP  - his is the company that provides a user with a connection to the Internet

browser - Software/application that allows users to view web pages / render HTML -

cookie - a text file (stored by a web browser) that contains data about a user’s browsing habits/details/preferences

Direct changeover – new system replaces existing system immediately/overnight

 Parallel running – new system runs alongside/together with existing system

Parallel running – there is always the old system to fall back on in the event of the new system failing/information is not lost/always a second copy

Direct changeover – if things go wrong lose all data/old system is not available

Direct changeover – training is more difficult to organise

Parallel running – training can be gradual Parallel running is more expensive to implement than direct changeover....

Direct changeover is a quicker method of implementation than parallel running

Direct Changeover: The old system is stopped completely, and the new system is started. All of the data that used to be input into the old system, now goes into the new one.

 Parallel Running: The new system is started, but the old system is kept running in parallel (side-by-side) for a while. All of the data that is input into the old system, is also input into the new one. Eventually, the old system will be stopped, but only when the new system has been proven to work.

• It has electrical components.
• It is programmable.

• File handling - Copy/move/delete
• Anti-virus software - To protect files from attack by a virus
• Defragmentation - To keep files sensibly arranged on the hard drive
• Format - To divide the surface of a drive into smaller areas to aid storage

IP spoofing

A technique used to gain unauthorised access to a computer whereby an intruder sends messages to that computer from a false IP address

Back door:
An undocumented method of gaining access to a program, online service or an entire computer system