• Easy to add nodes
• Managed centrally
• Fewer data collisions
• A single node failure does not affect the rest of the network

Multitasking - the  capability of an operating system to enable users to run two or more programs at once on a single computer

Real time processing - data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that the response itself is useful for controlling the physical activity of a process

Time-sharing processing  - a processing mode in which the central processor serves two or more users with different processing requirements (tasks)

On-line processing - is that type of processing where the result of data processing transaction is available immediately

• camera
• microwave
• washing machine
• video recorder
• fridge
• sewing machine
• air conditioning
• games console
• electronic game electronic toys
• rice cooker
• dish washer
• TV
• alarm clock
• radio

• It has electrical components.
• It is programmable.

• RSI in wrists or fingers from prolonged typing or repeated clicking of mouse button
• headaches/eyestrain/dry eye from staring at a monitor for long periods of time/glare from monitor
• back ache/strain from sitting in the  same position for a long time/using chair with no adjustment

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) technology refers to a method of combining multiple physical disk drives into a logical unit to improve performance, data availability, and data redundancy. RAID technology is commonly used in storage systems to provide fault tolerance, data protection, and increased storage performance.

The primary purpose of RAID is to create a more reliable and robust storage solution by spreading data across multiple drives and implementing various data redundancy techniques. This helps to mitigate the risk of data loss and system downtime in case of drive failures.

There are different levels or configurations of RAID, each offering different features and trade-offs. The most commonly used RAID levels are:

1. RAID 0 (Striping): Data is split evenly across multiple drives, resulting in increased performance as data can be accessed from multiple drives simultaneously. However, there is no redundancy, so if one drive fails, data loss can occur.

2. RAID 1 (Mirroring): Data is duplicated or mirrored across two drives, providing redundancy. If one drive fails, the other drive can still function and serve the data. RAID 1 offers data protection but does not offer increased performance.

3. RAID 5 (Striping with Parity): Data and parity information are striped across multiple drives, providing both increased performance and fault tolerance. Parity information allows for the recovery of data in case of a single drive failure. RAID 5 requires a minimum of three drives.

4. RAID 10 (Combination of Mirroring and Striping): RAID 10 combines elements of RAID 1 and RAID 0. It involves mirroring data across two sets of drives and then striping the mirrored sets for increased performance and fault tolerance. RAID 10 provides high levels of data redundancy and performance but requires a minimum of four drives.

(a) Buffer

• temporary storage or memory which compensates for the difference speed of peripherals and the CPU

(b)batch processing

• processing doesn’t start until all data is collected
• JCL (any reference to Job Control Language)
• no need for user interaction
• processed all in one go
• done at “quiet” times
• e.g. billing, payroll, cheque processing

(c) e-commerce

• electronic commerce
• buying and selling products/services using the internet/computer networks

(d) simulation

• studying the behaviour of a system by using a model/mathematical representation
• results can be predicted
• e.g. flight (or other) simulator, modelling hazardous chemical process

(e) Email

• sending messages from one device to another using computer networks/Internet

• Commandline/ Character interface Operating systems
•  Menu Driven Operating Systems
•  Graphical User Interface Operating Systems

(a) \(F C_{16}\)

(b) \(8 A_{16}\)

(c) \(93_{10}\)

1. MAN
2. WAN
3. PAN
4. LAN

Manages memory (RAM)

•  Allocates memory to programs currently executing 

Ensures programs/data do not corrupt each other

• Ensures all programs and data including itself is stored in correct memory locations

Manages processes

• Ensures different processes can utilise the CPU and do not interfere with each other or crash  

Allows the user to run programs 

• On a multitasking operating system, it ensures that all tasks appear to run simultaneously 

Other roles

• Allocates time slices
• Scheduling of programs
• Handles interrupts
• Allows the user to configure hardware

• Security
• Installation cost
• bandwidth the medium can support
• Flexibility e.g wireless media
• Distance

(i) the potential health hazards of this type of work,

• backstrain due to long periods of immobility
• eye strain due to long periods of staring  at the screen
• RSI- continual use of the same muscle group

(ii) the ways that management can help to overcome the effects of the health hazards.

• Move around regularly
• use ergonomic chair
• use anti-glare screen
• use of wrist pads

• Distributed data processing is where computers located in physically separate location transmit data after processing to a server computer that updates the master file. Time-sharing on the other hand is where various terminals transmit data to be processed by a central computer's CPU. Each terminal's tasks are allocated a time slice of the CPU

A computer system refers to computer components that collectively function as a single unit to achieve the desired goal. It can also be defined as a collection of hardware, software, and liveware that work together to receive, process, and manage data

• VM is used when RAM is full  i.e part of the secondary storage used as (temporary) RAM/VM
• Data from RAM is moved to the secondary storage/VM (to make space in RAM)
• RAM can then be filled with new data
• When data in VM is needed it is moved back to RAM

• ICT provides graphic design tools that allow marketers to create visual content for ads , websites and even social media
• computers enable marketers to produce video content crucial for modern digital marketing using video editing tools 
• Computers are used to distribute and analyze online survey polls  that help in understanding customer preferences
• Social media platforms offer ad placement based on user demographics and interest
• Online marketing
• Social media marketing
• Target marketing
• Email marketing
• Blogging

• understand the current system
• produce data flow diagrams/system flowchart
• identify user/client requirements/objectives
• interpret user/client requirements/objectives
• agree requirements/objectives with the user/client
• collect data from the current system
• fact finding (e.g. questionnaires, interviewing, etc.)
• problem identification

• A compiled program will only execute on a processor of specific type/family/with same instruction set
• A program run using an interpreter can execute on a computer with any type of processor;

• An end user license agreement (EULA) describes a contract (agreement) between a software developer and a user of that software.