Q1. Describe how the cervical, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are suited to their function.(20mks)
Have vertebraterial canals for passage of artery; atlas has a (broad) surface for articulation with condyles of the skull to permit nodding; axis has odontoid process on the centrum to permit rotating movement/ turning act as a pivot for atlas /skill/movement of atlas; broad transverse processes for attachment of muscles; zygapophysis for articulation between vertebrae; has a short reduced spine for attachment of muscles; has wide neural canal; for passage of spinal cord; alternatively has wide neural canal for protection of spinal cord
Broad/ long spine for attachment of muscle; long/large developed transverse processes; for attachment of muscles; has metapophysis and anapophysis; for muscles attachment; large/thick centrum for support
Anterior vertebrae have a well-developed transverse process; which is fused to the pelvic girdle; vertebrae fused, for strength; transmit the weight of the stationary animal to the rest of the body; sacrum has a broad base; short neural spine; for attachment of muscles
Q2. KCSE Biology Form 4 - Support and Movement
1.The diagram below represents a mammalian bone.
(a)State the function of the part labeled K and L (2mark)
(b)State the region of the body in which the above bone is found. (1 mark)
2. (a) Name the hard body covering found in organisms of the phylum arthropoda. (1mk)
(b) Give two uses of the structure mentioned in (a) above. (2mks)
3.Below is a diagram showing the forearm bones and muscles covering them?
(a) Name the bones represented by T, X, Y and Z.
(b) Name the joint formed between:
(i) T and X.
(ii) Y and X.
(c) Name the muscles labelled P and R.
(d) What happens to each muscle as the arm is straightened.
(e) Name two strengthening tissues in woody stems.
4. The diagram below represents a bone of a mammal.
(a)Identify the bone. (1 mark)
(b)Name the part marked X. (1 mark)
(c)Name the bone that articulates at the part labelled F. (1 mark)
(d)Explain one way in which the bone is adapted to its function. (1 mark)
5. The diagram below shows a joint in a mammal. Study it and answer the questions.
(a)State the functions of parts A and B (2marks)
(b)Name the type of joint illustrated by the diagram (1mark)
(c)State two adaptations of joint named in (b) Above (2marks)
6. Name two structures in herbaceous stems that enhance their support. (2mk)
7. The diagram below represents a bone obtained from the hind limb of a goat.
(a)Identify the bone. (1mk)
(b)Name the type of joint formed at the part labelled T. (1mk)
8Explain how the following tissues are adapted to provide mechanical support in plants.
(a)Collenchyma
(b) Sclerenchyma
9. State the role of intervertebral discs (1 mark)
10. State three structural differences between biceps muscles and muscles of the gut (3marks)
11. What are the functions of the odontoid process found on the axis bone of the cervical vertebra?(2mks)
12. Explain the adaptations of thoracic, cervical and lumbar vertebrae to their functions (12 marks)
13. a. Name two bones that form the pectoral girdle. 2mks
(b) Name the cavity formed by the scapula that form a joint with the humerous. 1mk
14. The diagram below represent a mammalian bone.
(a)Name the bone.
(b)(i) Which bone articulate with the bone shown in the diagram at the notch ? (1 mark)
ii) Name the type of joint formed when the bone in b(i) articulate. (1mark)
15. a) Name two supporting tissues in plants. (2 marks)
(b)Study the diagram below and answer the question that follows.
i) Identify the muscle represented by X and Y. (2 marks)
ii) Describe how muscle X and Y cause straightening of joint Z. (2 marks)
(c)Name joint Z. (1 mark)
16. The figures below illustrate specialized cells in an animal body.
(a)Identify the cell M and N. (2marks)
(b)State the structural differences between M and N (2marks)
©Which of the above specialized cells is found in the gut. (1mark)
17. The diagram below shows the bones and two of the muscles in the human arm
(a)Name the parts A, C, E and F. (4marks)
(b)i) Name the type of joint present in part X and Y (2marks)
ii) What type of movement is possible at point X. (1marks)
c) What happens when the muscle labelled C contracts. (1mark)
18. State the importance of support in plants. (3marks)
19. The diagram below represents a human arm. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
(a)Name bone T and R (2marks)
(b)Name muscle C and D (2marks)
(c)i) Identify the fluid found at joint 2. (1mark)
ii) State the function of the fluid in (i) above. (1mark)
(d)i) What is the type of the joint found at part labeled 1. (1mark)
ii) Differentiate between a tendon and a ligament. (1mark)
20. a) Distinguish between a hinge joint and a ball and socket joint. 1mk
b) i) Name the cartilage found between the based of the vertebral column. 1mk
ii) State the function of the cartilage named in b (i) above 1mk