• Simple technology is needed to develop both hardware and software.
• Digital devices are more reliable, small in size and use less power as compared to analog devices.
• Devices that read, process or output data in digital form are used in computers and other digital devices such as calculators.

• All the characters and symbols that can be represented by a computer system.
• Each character and symbol is assigned a unique value.

Trojan (horse); a program which misleads the user into thinking it is another
piece of software which, when run, executes another program;
 Spyware; a program which records data such as usernames and passwords on
a host system and forwards the information to a third party;
 Adware; code embedded or attached to program files which will persistently
show adverts (that attempt to generate revenue);
 Worm; code which will run autonomously and replicates itself on a host system;
 Ransomware; a program that encrypts user’s data to make it unreadable until
they pay for the key;
 Remote Access Tool (RAT); allows access to control and monitor a computer
from a remote network location;
 Rootkit; malware that has managed to gain ‘root’ admin privileges;
 Bots/Zombies; a program installed on a computer that performs a job for the
remote owner of the bot/zombie such as sending spam or sending web requests
to perform a DOS or attacking a computer system;
 Scareware; malware that tells you something is wrong with your system in an
attempt to get you to make a purchase;
 Keylogger; a program that monitors/records a user’s keystrokes in order to steal
passwords/confidential details;

Acme company needs to ensure that if they are reselling the drives they wipe the drive (this should be done regardless of the destruction of the drive) to the DoD standard.

• Power surge/loss (damages hardware)
•  Use a UPS
• Water can be spilt on the device
• Don’t have water near the device
• Keep the device in a waterproof box when not is use
• Fire can destroy the device
• Use electrics safety
• Keep the device in a fireproof box when not in use
• Data is accidentally deleted
•  Add verification method for data deletion
•  Set access levels for data to limit who can delete the data
• Incorrect use of storage device
• Making sure the device is ejected before removing
•  Physical damage to hardware // hardware failure
•  Correct care and maintenance of hardware
•  Software failure 
• Making sure it is always up to date // enable automatic updates

(a) Like "*kenya*"

An action query is used to modify, add, or delete data in a database whereas a select query is used to retrieve data from a database based on specified criteria but does not make any changes to the data.

• Data Integrity: they provide ways or mechanisms for enforcing data integrity constraints, such as referential integrity. If a record in the parent table is deleted, related records in the child table also get deleted. This ensures accurthe acy and consistency of data stored in the database
• Data Security
• Concurrency control
• Reduces data redundancy
• Data retrieval and querying
• Data indexing
• Data consistency and acid transaction
• Data backup and recovery
• Data sharing and collaboration
• Convenient data maintenance

(i) Referential integrity

• It ensures that each row has a unique and non-null primary key

• It requires that a foreign key must have a matching primary key or it must be null

Domain integrity - ensures that all data in  a field contain valid values

• an attribute/combination of attributes chosen to ensure that the records in a table are unique

• Resizing using resize handles
• Rotating
• Cropping
• Flipping
• Moving

(i) Crop - used when handling a graphic and there is a need to remove some of the portions in the graphic